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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Sodium ethylparaben targets bacterial and fungal cell membranes by disrupting their integrity and inhibiting membrane transport processes. The undissociated form of ethylparaben is thought to be the active antimicrobial species. It is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. It acts as a preservative, extending shelf‑life and preventing spoilage. It has no specific mammalian receptor target for a therapeutic effect.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, sodium ethylparaben is tested for antimicrobial activity against common spoilage organisms. A broth microdilution method is used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The compound is serially diluted in Mueller‑Hinton broth in a 96‑well plate. Microbial cultures are added to achieve a final concentration of 5×10⁵ CFU/mL. After incubation (24-48 h at 35-37degC), the MIC is recorded as the lowest concentration that prevents visible growth. Typical MIC values for ethylparaben against E. coli and S. aureus range from 0.1-1 mg/mL.
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| ln Vivo |
Sodium ethylparaben is not used as a drug in animal studies. It is applied topically in animal models to assess dermal absorption and skin irritation, but it is not intended for systemic administration. It may be used in animal feed or drinking water as a preservative in animal studies to prevent microbial contamination of the test article. However, the compound itself has no inherent therapeutic effect in animals.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The antimicrobial efficacy can be assessed by the disc diffusion method on Mueller‑Hinton agar plates. A microbial suspension (0.5 McFarland standard) is spread evenly over the agar surface. Sterile filter paper discs (6 mm) are placed on the agar and impregnated with 10-50 microL of sodium ethylparaben solution (1-20 mg/mL). The plates are incubated at 35-37degC for 18-24 h. The diameter of the zone of inhibition (in mm) is measured. The minimum detectable inhibitory concentration is defined as the lowest concentration that produces a clear zone greater than 7 mm.
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| Cell Assay |
Sodium ethylparaben can be used in cell culture to prevent fungal and bacterial contamination. A typical concentration range is 0.1-0.5 mg/mL in standard cell culture media. However, its use as a preservative in cell culture for sensitive primary cells is limited because it can be cytotoxic at higher concentrations. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay: cells are seeded in 96‑well plates and exposed to 0-5 mg/mL sodium ethylparaben for 24-72 h. The concentration that reduces viability by 50% (CC₅0) for most mammalian cells is typically >1 mg/mL.
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| Animal Protocol |
In a dermal safety study, female C57BL/6 mice are shaved on the dorsal area. Sodium ethylparaben is formulated in a cream or hydrogel (0.1-10% w/w) and applied topically (0.1 g per mouse) once daily for 28 days. Body weight is measured weekly. At the end of the study, mice are euthanized, and blood is collected for hematology and clinical chemistry analysis. Skin biopsies from the application site are taken for histopathological evaluation. The animals are examined for any signs of contact dermatitis, irritation, or systemic toxicity.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
After oral ingestion, ethylparaben is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is then hydrolyzed by esterases in the gut and liver to 4‑hydroxybenzoic acid, which is conjugated with glucuronic acid and sulfate and excreted in the urine. The plasma half‑life of ethylparaben in humans is approximately 1-2 h. For sodium ethylparaben, the sodium salt form increases water solubility, enabling faster dissolution. The compound does not bioaccumulate. It is considered a low‑bioavailability preservative, as systemic exposure is minimal when used at concentrations below 1% in topical products.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Sodium ethylparaben is considered safe for use as a preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals at concentrations up to 0.4% (calculated as ethylparaben) in the EU and 0.5% in China. The oral LD₅0 in rats is >5000 mg/kg. It may cause skin and eye irritation. Allergic contact dermatitis may occur in susceptible individuals after repeated topical exposure. Parabens, including ethylparaben, are considered safe by regulatory agencies (US FDA, EU SCCS) at typical usage levels, but concerns regarding estrogenic activity have been raised. However, their estrogenic potency is extremely low (10,000-1,000,000 times weaker than estradiol).
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Sodium ethylparaben is an approved preservative for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications. It is listed in the FDA Inactive Ingredient Database for several dosage forms, including topical creams, lotions, and oral solutions. Its primary function is to prevent microbial spoilage. It is often used in combination with methylparaben and propylparaben to achieve broad‑spectrum antimicrobial activity. Sodium ethylparaben is a water‑soluble alternative to ethylparaben for applications requiring a soluble preservative with a high water solubility. It is not a drug and should not be confused with a therapeutic agent; it is strictly an excipient and preservative.
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| Molecular Formula |
C9H9NAO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
188.16
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| Exact Mass |
188.044
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| CAS # |
35285-68-8
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| PubChem CID |
23681179
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
297.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
ofp-hydroxybenzoic acid derived from the sample is 213 °C to 217 °C
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| Flash Point |
120.3ºC
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| LogP |
2.007
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
153
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Na+].O(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])C(C1C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=1[H])[O-])=O
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| InChi Key |
QYNMSPKSYXPZHG-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H10O3.Na/c1-2-12-9(11)7-3-5-8(10)6-4-7;/h3-6,10H,2H2,1H3;/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate
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| Synonyms |
Sodium ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.3146 mL | 26.5731 mL | 53.1463 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0629 mL | 5.3146 mL | 10.6293 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5315 mL | 2.6573 mL | 5.3146 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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