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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Targets |
D-Fructose-d-1 does not target specific biological receptors; it is an isotopically labeled nutrient. Unlabeled D-Fructose is a natural monosaccharide and major dietary sugar that is metabolized primarily in the liver, small intestine, and kidneys. Fructose is taken up by cells via facilitated glucose transporters (GLUT2, GLUT5, GLUT7, and GLUT8). GLUT5 is the primary fructose-specific transporter. Intracellular fructose is phosphorylated by ketohexokinase (KHK or fructokinase) to fructose-1-phosphate, which is then cleaved by aldolase B into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. D-Fructose-d-1 has identical receptor/transporter binding properties to unlabeled fructose at tracer concentrations.
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| ln Vitro |
Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Studies involving the human use of drugs labeled with deuterium suggest that these compounds may offer some advantages when compared with their nondeuterated counterparts. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs. Deutetrabenazine is the first deuterated drug to receive Food and Drug Administration approval. This deuterated form of the drug tetrabenazine is indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease as well as tardive dyskinesia. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that a number of other deuterated compounds are being evaluated for the treatment of human diseases and not merely as research tools.[1]
In vitro, unlabeled D-Fructose serves as an energy source and metabolic substrate in cell culture media, typically at 5-25 mM concentrations. Fructose induces GLUT5 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. In hepatocytes, fructose metabolism bypasses the rate-limiting step of glycolysis (phosphofructokinase-1), leading to rapid production of DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can be converted to pyruvate, lactate, or used for lipogenesis. At high concentrations (≥10 mM), fructose can promote de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride accumulation, and production of uric acid and reactive oxygen species. D-Fructose-d-1 at tracer concentrations does not exert these metabolic effects; it is used for analytical quantitation. |
| ln Vivo |
Deuterated compounds may, in some cases, offer advantages over nondeuterated forms, often through alterations in clearance. Deuteration may also redirect metabolic pathways in directions that reduce toxicities. The approval of additional deuterated compounds may soon follow. Clinicians will need to be familiar with the dosing, efficacy, potential side effects, and unique metabolic profiles of these new entities.
In vivo, unlabeled D-Fructose is absorbed from the small intestine via GLUT5 and metabolized primarily in the liver, with smaller contributions from kidney and small intestine. Excessive fructose consumption (≥50-100 g/day) is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hyperuricemia. In animal models, high-fructose diets (30-60% of calories from fructose) induce insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and uric acid elevation. D-Fructose-d-1 is not administered for efficacy studies; it is used as an internal standard for fructose quantitation in metabolic tracer studies. If administered exogenously, D-Fructose-d-1 is metabolized identically to unlabeled fructose. |
| Enzyme Assay |
No dedicated cell-free enzyme binding protocols exist for D-Fructose-d-1. For ketohexokinase (KHK) activity assays: Prepare liver homogenate or recombinant human KHK in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT). Add D-Fructose (0.1-10 mM) and 2 mM ATP in the presence or absence of D-Fructose-d-1 (tracer concentrations). Incubate at 37degC for 10-30 minutes. Terminate by adding perchloric acid (final 5%) or heat inactivation (95degC, 2 minutes). Measure ADP or fructose-1-phosphate by HPLC, LC-MS, or coupled enzyme assay (pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase). For GLUT5 transporter binding, use proteoliposomes reconstituted with human GLUT5, equilibrate with 3H-labeled fructose (0.1-10 mM) or unlabeled fructose, and measure uptake by rapid filtration. D-Fructose-d-1 is primarily used as analytical internal standard.
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| Cell Assay |
No dedicated cell-based assay protocols for D-Fructose-d-1 exist. For cellular fructose metabolism studies: Culture hepatocytes (primary human/rat, HepG2 cells) or intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) in glucose-free medium for 2-4 hours. Add D-Fructose (1-25 mM) with or without D-Fructose-d-1 (10-100 ng/mL as tracer). Incubate for 0-24 hours. Harvest cells and medium. Quantify fructose uptake and metabolites (fructose-1-phosphate, DHAP, glyceraldehyde, lactate, pyruvate) by LC-MS/MS using D-Fructose-d-1 as internal standard. Assess cell viability by MTT or trypan blue exclusion. Measure lactate production using lactate assay kit. For GLUT5 expression studies, treat cells with increasing fructose concentrations (0.5-20 mM) for 24-72 hours and measure GLUT5 mRNA by qPCR and protein by Western blot. D-Fructose-d-1 is not used as test compound but as analytical internal standard.
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| Animal Protocol |
No dedicated animal protocols for D-Fructose-d-1 exist. For fructose tracer studies: Administer unlabeled D-Fructose (1-5 g/kg, oral gavage) to rats or mice. Immediately after dosing, also administer D-Fructose-d-1 (10-100 microg) as internal tracer spike. Collect blood samples via tail vein at baseline and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6 hours. Add additional D-Fructose-d-1 to plasma samples (as internal standard for LC-MS quantification) to correct for extraction efficiency. For tissue distribution: Sacrifice animals at 30, 60, 120 minutes post-dosing. Harvest liver, kidney, small intestine, muscle, and adipose tissue. Homogenize in methanol/water (80:20), add D-Fructose-d-1 as IS, extract, and analyze by LC-MS/MS. For high-fructose diet studies: Feed animals 30-60% fructose diet for 4-12 weeks. Use D-Fructose-d-1 as internal standard for LC-MS quantitation of fructose in plasma, urine, and tissue samples collected during the study.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Specific PK data for D-Fructose-d-1 are not reported separately. PK of D-Fructose: Oral absorption is rapid (Tmax 0.5-1 hour) with bioavailability approximately 70-90%. Plasma half-life is 30-90 minutes in rodents. Volume of distribution ~0.5-1 L/kg. Clearance occurs primarily by hepatic metabolism: fructose → fructose-1-phosphate (KHK) → DHAP + glyceraldehyde (aldolase B) → entry into glycolysis/gluconeogenesis/lipogenesis. Only small amounts (1-5%) are excreted unchanged in urine due to efficient renal reabsorption. Deuterium labeling (single deuterium at C-1) causes a modest kinetic isotope effect (KIE) on anomeric mutarotation and enzymatic reactions (e.g., ~8-15% reduced reaction rate for KHK). However, at tracer concentrations used for internal standard (ng/mL to microg/mL), this KIE is negligible.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No dedicated toxicity data for D-Fructose-d-1 exist. Unlabeled D-Fructose is a natural sugar and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by FDA as a food ingredient. Acute oral toxicity: LD50 >15000 mg/kg in rats. D-Fructose is considered safe for consumption at moderate levels (up to 50 g/day). Excessive fructose intake (>100 g/day) is associated with metabolic disturbances: increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, elevated triglycerides, insulin resistance, hyperuricemia, and increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In animal models, high-fructose diets (40-60% of calories) cause metabolic syndrome features. D-Fructose-d-1 is for research use only, not for human consumption. The deuterated form at tracer levels has no additional toxicity beyond that of unlabeled fructose.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
A comprehensive pharmacology database is not required for analytical internal standards such as D-Fructose-d-1. D-Fructose-d-1 is a research-use only stable isotope-labeled compound, not approved for diagnostic or therapeutic use. It has not been evaluated in clinical trials. Its primary application is as an internal standard for quantitative analysis of D-Fructose by NMR, GC-MS, or LC-MS in various applications: (1) Quantitation of fructose in biological samples (plasma, urine, tissues, cell lysates) for metabolic studies; (2) Metabolic flux analysis and tracer studies of carbohydrate metabolism; (3) Investigation of fructose absorption, transport, and utilization in biological systems; (4) Food and beverage analysis for sugar content; (5) Pharmaceutical method development where fructose is an analyte. D-Fructose is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in fruits, honey, and many vegetables. The site-specific deuteration at the C-1 position provides a +1.006 Da mass shift without altering the native ketohexose structure.
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| Molecular Formula |
C6H11DO6
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| Molecular Weight |
181.16
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Synonyms |
D(-)-Fructose-d-1
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (552.00 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5200 mL | 27.5999 mL | 55.1998 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1040 mL | 5.5200 mL | 11.0400 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5520 mL | 2.7600 mL | 5.5200 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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