| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Casein does not have a specific drug target; it is a protein substrate that is hydrolyzed by various serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases. In biochemical research, casein is used as a generic substrate to measure the catalytic activity and specificity of proteolytic enzymes.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In cell‑free proteolytic assays, casein acts as a substrate for numerous proteases. When casein is incubated with an active protease, it is hydrolyzed into smaller peptides and amino acids, which can be detected by colorimetric, fluorometric, or chromatographic methods. The rate of hydrolysis is directly proportional to the protease activity.
|
| ln Vivo |
Not applicable. Casein is not a drug with in vivo activity; it is a protein used as a biochemical reagent and a nutritional component in animal feed formulations.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
A general cell‑free protocol for assessing protease activity using casein as a substrate: A 1% (w/v) casein solution is prepared in 0.05 M Tris‑HCl buffer (pH 8.0). The protease enzyme (e.g., trypsin, 1‑10 ug) is incubated with 1 mL of casein substrate at 37degC for 20 minutes. The reaction is stopped by adding 2 mL of 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The mixture is centrifuged, and the absorbance of the supernatant (containing TCA‑soluble peptides) is measured at 280 nm. One unit of protease activity is defined as the amount of enzyme causing an increase of 0.001 absorbance units per minute.
|
| Cell Assay |
General cellular protocol for assessing casein in cell culture: Casein is often used as a component of serum‑free or defined media formulations to support the growth and differentiation of various cell types, including mammary epithelial cells and neuronal cells. Cells are seeded in culture plates and grown in medium containing 0.1‑5 mg/mL casein. Cell proliferation, viability, and differentiation markers are assessed after 3‑7 days of culture.
|
| Animal Protocol |
A general animal protocol for assessing the nutritional effects of dietary casein: Weanling male Sprague‑Dawley rats are fed a semi‑purified diet containing 10‑20% casein as the sole protein source for 4‑8 weeks. A control group receives a diet with an equivalent amount of soy protein or another protein source. Body weight, food consumption, nitrogen balance, and serum protein levels are measured. At the end of the study, the liver, kidneys, and skeletal muscle are harvested for protein content and histological analysis.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
General PK protocol for casein is not applicable as it is not a drug. As a dietary protein, casein is digested in the gastrointestinal tract by pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin into dipeptides, tripeptides, and free amino acids, which are then absorbed by the small intestine. The rate of gastric emptying and amino acid absorption can be measured by serial blood sampling and analysis of plasma amino acid concentrations by HPLC or LC‑MS.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
General toxicity protocol for casein: A 90‑day repeated‑dose oral toxicity study is performed in Sprague‑Dawley rats. Casein is incorporated into the diet at doses equivalent to 0, 5, 10, and 20 g/kg/day. Parameters include clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry (total protein, albumin, BUN), and urinalysis. Gross necropsy and histopathology of major organs are performed. Casein is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and has a very wide margin of safety.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
group of related phosphoproteins found in milk and cheese. This histidine is considered one of the most nutrient-rich milk proteins, containing all common amino acids and rich in essential amino acids.
See also: Casein (note moved to); Casein (note moved to). Casein has been extensively studied as a model protein for understanding protein structure, digestion, and allergenicity. Bovine casein is a major component of cow‘s milk and is the primary allergen responsible for cow's milk protein allergy in infants. There are four main casein subtypes: alpha‑s1, alpha‑s2, beta‑casein, and kappa‑casein. In the dairy industry, rennet‑induced coagulation of kappa‑casein is the basis for cheese production. The molecular weight of casein monomers ranges from approximately 19‑25 kDa. Casein is a phosphoprotein, meaning it contains phosphate groups attached to serine residues. |
| Molecular Formula |
C81H125N22O39P
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
2061.96
|
| Exact Mass |
2060.821
|
| CAS # |
9000-71-9
|
| PubChem CID |
73995022
|
| Appearance |
Solid powder
|
| Melting Point |
280 °C (dec.)(lit.)
|
| LogP |
-7.1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
37
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
61
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
74
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
143
|
| Complexity |
4830
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
P(=O)(O[H])(O[H])OC([H])([H])C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])/C(=N/C([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(/C(=N/C([H])(C(=O)O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C(=N/[H])/O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])/O[H])/O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])/O[H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C(=N/[H])/O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C(=N/[H])/O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C(=N/[H])/O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])/O[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])/O[H])/N=C(/C([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C(=N/[H])/O[H])/N=C(/C([H])(C([H])([H])C1C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=1[H])N([H])[H])\O[H])\O[H]
|
| InChi Key |
BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C81H125N22O39P/c1-36(2)31-50(76(132)94-43(15-24-57(87)108)71(127)101-52(34-64(120)121)78(134)98-49(81(137)138)11-7-8-30-82)99-72(128)47(19-28-61(114)115)95-77(133)51(33-63(118)119)100-73(129)48(20-29-62(116)117)97-80(136)65(37(3)104)103-75(131)44(16-25-58(88)109)92-68(124)42(14-23-56(86)107)90-67(123)41(13-22-55(85)106)91-69(125)45(17-26-59(110)111)93-70(126)46(18-27-60(112)113)96-79(135)53(35-142-143(139,140)141)102-74(130)40(12-21-54(84)105)89-66(122)39(83)32-38-9-5-4-6-10-38/h4-6,9-10,36-37,39-53,65,104H,7-8,11-35,82-83H2,1-3H3,(H2,84,105)(H2,85,106)(H2,86,107)(H2,87,108)(H2,88,109)(H,89,122)(H,90,123)(H,91,125)(H,92,124)(H,93,126)(H,94,132)(H,95,133)(H,96,135)(H,97,136)(H,98,134)(H,99,128)(H,100,129)(H,101,127)(H,102,130)(H,103,131)(H,110,111)(H,112,113)(H,114,115)(H,116,117)(H,118,119)(H,120,121)(H,137,138)(H2,139,140,141)
|
| Chemical Name |
6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene)amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxypropylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]hexanoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.4850 mL | 2.4249 mL | 4.8498 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0970 mL | 0.4850 mL | 0.9700 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0485 mL | 0.2425 mL | 0.4850 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
