Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Sodium absorption in the small intestine plays a crucial role in the absorption of chloride, amino acids, glucose, and water. Chlorine exists as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and is an important component of gastric juice, aiding in the digestion and absorption of many nutrients. Sodium is primarily excreted through the kidneys. The volume of distribution is 0.64 L/kg. The main route of sodium excretion is through urine; some sodium is also excreted through sweat and feces. Sodium is filtered by the kidneys in the glomeruli, but 60% to 70% of the sodium is reabsorbed along with bicarbonate and water in the proximal tubule. Another 25% to 30% of the sodium is reabsorbed along with chloride and water in the loop of Henle. In the distal convoluted tubule, aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption and indirectly regulates chloride reabsorption. The kidney's sodium threshold is 110 to 130 mEq/L. Less than 1% of the filtered sodium is excreted in the urine. Sodium is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; it can also be absorbed via enema. Absorption through the intestinal wall occurs via the Na+, K+-ATP system, which is enhanced by aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone acetate. Sodium does not bind to plasma proteins. The volume of distribution is 0.64 L/kg. In a study using a radiolabeled 20% sodium chloride injection, after intraamniotic injection, most of the drug was concentrated in the fetal portion of the decidua and placenta. After intraamniotic injection of a 20% sodium chloride solution, some of the drug diffused into the maternal bloodstream. Hairless sweat glands…are organs through which the body loses large amounts of water and electrolytes (primarily sodium chloride). For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of sodium chloride (6 types), please visit the HSDB records page. Metabolism/Metabolites Most salts entering the gastrointestinal tract are not absorbed because the liquid contents pass through the stomach and small intestine. Upon reaching the colon, these salts are absorbed into the bloodstream along with water. As excess salt is absorbed, the kidneys continuously excrete sodium chloride, thus maintaining a relatively stable chloride level in the blood and tissues. Furthermore, if chloride intake ceases, the kidneys also stop excreting chloride. The body maintains a balance, breaking down 300 grams of salt dissolved in the blood and tissue fluid into sodium and chloride ions.

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Biological half-life
17 minutes

Protein Binding
Sodium does not bind to plasma proteins.

[1].Sodium chloride for broiler breeders. Poult Sci. 1983 Mar;62(3):480-2.

Sodium chloride is an inorganic chloride whose counter ion is sodium ion (Na+). It has emetic and flame-retardant properties. It is both an inorganic chloride and an inorganic sodium salt. Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, common salt, or rock salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, indicating a sodium ion to chloride ion ratio of 1:1. Sodium chloride is the main salt in seawater and the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. It is listed in the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines. Sodium chloride is a metal halide composed of sodium and chloride, possessing the ability to displace sodium and chloride. When the body's sodium content is insufficient, sodium must be supplemented to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and normal kidney function. Salt is an ionic compound produced by the neutralization of acids and bases. Sodium chloride, or table salt, is a mineral belonging to the large class of ionic salts. Natural salt is called rock salt or brine. The ocean is rich in salt; each liter of seawater contains approximately 35 grams of sodium chloride, with a salinity of about 3.5%. Salt is essential for animal life, and saltiness is one of the basic tastes for humans. Animal tissues contain more salt than plant tissues. Salt is one of the oldest and most widely used food seasonings, and pickling is an important method of food preservation. Salt is produced through methods including salt mining, evaporation of seawater or mineral-rich springs (e.g., in shallow pools). Salt is widely used in many industrial processes, as well as in the production of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, pulp, and many other consumer goods. Approximately 200 million tons of salt are produced globally each year, of which only 6% is consumed by humans. Other uses include water treatment, road de-icing, and various agricultural applications. For humans, salt is the primary source of sodium. Sodium is an essential element for life: it helps nerves and muscles function properly and is also an important factor in regulating the body's water content. Sodium is a common sodium salt, often used for food seasoning. See also: glucose; potassium chloride; sodium chloride (component); chloride ion (active moiety); sodium cation (active moiety)... See more...

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Drug Indications
This intravenous infusion is indicated for adult and pediatric patients as a source of electrolytes and water for rehydration. It can also be used as a diluent and delivery system for intermittent intravenous infusion of compatible drugs.

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Mechanism of Action
Sodium and chloride are the major electrolytes in extracellular fluid, and they work together to control extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Disorders of extracellular sodium concentration are associated with fluid imbalance. Intraamnional injection of a 20% sodium chloride solution can lead to abortion and fetal death. Although the mechanism is not fully understood, some studies suggest that the abortifacient effect of this drug may be mediated by prostaglandins released from decidual cells damaged by hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Hypertonic sodium chloride-induced uterine contractions are usually sufficient to expel the fetus and placenta; however, incomplete abortion may occur in 25–40% of patients.

CLNA

58.44

57.958

7647-14-5

14784-90-8 ((24)hydrochlorideCl);17112-21-9 ((22)hydrochlorideCl)

5234

Colorless, transparent crystals or white, crystalline powder
Colorless and transparent or translucent when in large crystals
Colorless cubic crystals

2.165

1461 ºC

801 °C(lit.)

1413°C

1 mm Hg ( 865 °C)

n20/D 1.378

0

1

0

2

2

0

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)