| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Multiple targets: Bcl-2 family proteins, caspase cascade, SKP2, mitochondrial function; also acts as a mild cerebral vasodilator. Ginkgo biloba extract contains multiple bioactive compounds that interact with various molecular targets. The flavonoid glycosides (including quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives) and terpene lactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and bilobalide) contribute to the extract's diverse pharmacological activities. Ginkgolides are antagonists of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptors, contributing to the extract's effects on blood flow and inflammation. The flavonoids have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The extract also modulates mitochondrial function, regulates Bcl-2 family protein expression, and blocks caspase cascade activation.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Ginkgo biloba extract maintains mitochondrial structure and function homeostasis, regulates Bcl-2 family protein expression, blocks caspase cascade activation, and alleviates oxidative stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis. In vitro, the extract has been shown to protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress-induced damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, and preventing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. The extract upregulates SKP2 expression and aids fibroblast cells in the production of collagen and elastin. The antioxidant properties of the extract have been demonstrated in various cell-free and cell-based assays.
|
| ln Vivo |
Ginkgo biloba extract increases cerebral blood flow, reduces blood viscosity, and exhibits antioxidant properties that protect against oxidative stress. In animal models, the extract has been used in studies of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and neuroprotection. It activates brain cells in the central nervous system, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapeutic treatment. The extract has been shown to improve cognitive function, reduce inflammation, and provide neuroprotection in models of cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free antioxidant assays (e.g., DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS, FRAP) are performed by incubating Ginkgo biloba extract with radical-generating systems. Antioxidant capacity is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring absorbance changes. In the DPPH assay, the decrease in absorbance at 517 nm upon reduction of the DPPH radical by antioxidants is measured. In the ABTS assay, the decrease in absorbance at 734 nm upon scavenging of the ABTS radical cation is measured. The FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay measures the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron, which is detected by the formation of a colored complex.
|
| Cell Assay |
Neuronal cell lines (e.g., PC12, SH-SY5Y) are treated with Ginkgo biloba extract prior to oxidative stress induction (e.g., H2O2, glutamate). Cell viability is measured using MTT or other viability assays to assess the neuroprotective effects. Apoptosis markers (caspase-3 activation, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) are assessed by Western blotting or ELISA. Mitochondrial membrane potential is measured using fluorescent dyes such as JC-1 or TMRM. The ability of the extract to reduce ROS levels is measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA. The extract's effects on collagen and elastin production can be assessed in fibroblast cell lines.
|
| Animal Protocol |
Animal models of cerebral ischemia (e.g., middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO), atherosclerosis (e.g., ApoE knockout mice on high-fat diet), or cardiovascular disease are administered Ginkgo biloba extract via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection. Cerebral blood flow is measured using laser Doppler flowmetry or MRI. Infarct volume is assessed by TTC staining or histology. Behavioral tests (e.g., neurological deficit scores, rotarod, Morris water maze) are performed to evaluate functional outcomes. Histological analysis of brain tissue, blood vessels, or other relevant tissues is performed to assess the effects of the extract on inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Ginkgo biloba extract contains multiple active compounds (flavonoids, terpenoids) with complex pharmacokinetic profiles. The bioavailability of individual components varies; flavonoids are generally poorly absorbed but undergo extensive metabolism in the gut and liver. Terpene lactones (ginkgolides and bilobalide) are better absorbed and reach higher plasma concentrations. Standardized extracts (e.g., EGb 761) have been extensively studied with known pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Tmax, AUC, and t1/2 for the major components. The extract is typically formulated for oral administration.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Ginkgo biloba extract has a well-established safety profile from extensive human use as a dietary supplement. Common side effects include mild gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, and dizziness. High doses may increase bleeding risk due to antiplatelet effects (PAF antagonism by ginkgolides). Ginkgo biloba extract may interact with anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications, increasing the risk of bleeding. Standardized extracts are generally recognized as safe when used at recommended doses. As a research compound, appropriate safety precautions should be followed.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
See also: Ginkgo (note moved to).
Ginkgo biloba extract is a natural product used in traditional medicine and modern research. It is available as a standardized extract (typically 24% flavonoid glycosides, 6% terpene lactones). Appearance: light brown to brown solid powder or liquid extract. It is used in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, neuroprotection, and cognitive function research. CAS: 90045-36-6. Synonyms: Ginkgo leaf extract, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. For research use only, not for direct human therapeutic use without appropriate approvals. |
| Exact Mass |
215.025
|
|---|---|
| CAS # |
90045-36-6
|
| PubChem CID |
17388989
|
| Appearance |
Light brown to brown solid powder
|
| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
408.8±47.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
201.0±29.3 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.621
|
| LogP |
1.06
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
28
|
| Complexity |
555
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
S(C1=NN=NN1C1C=CC=CC=1)C1C(=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=1[N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-].N
|
| InChi Key |
DGQMWGRCMXFKNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H8N6O6S.H3N/c21-13(22)8-6-10(19(23)24)12(11(7-8)20(25)26)27-14-15-16-17-18(14)9-4-2-1-3-5-9;/h1-7H,(H,21,22);1H3
|
| Chemical Name |
azane;3,5-dinitro-4-(1-phenyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylbenzoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
