Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Approximately 80% of body calcium is excreted in the feces as insoluble salts; urinary excretion accounts for the remaining 20%.
A rat placenta was dually perfused in situ with modified Krebs fluid. Perfusion was carried out through the femoral artery on the maternal side and through the umbilical artery on the fetal side. Transfer of 45Ca2+ and 3(H)L-glucose across the placenta was measured in the maternal-fetal direction. The transcellular component of the maternal-fetal transport of Ca2+, Jmf,tc, was estimated from transfer rates of the two tracers and from Ca2+ concentration in maternal perfusate, [Ca2+]m. At [Ca2+]m of l.l mM (physiological concentration of Ca2+ in plasma) Jmf,tc was 92.4 + or - 13.7 nM min-l (mean + or - SD), which is about 90% of the transport expected in an intact placenta. The permeability-surface area product (PS) of the placenta to 3(H)L-glucose was 13.8 + or - 3.9 uL min-l, about 4 times higher than that expected in intact placenta. Transport of 45Ca2+ chanced rapidly when [Ca2+]m was varied. Kinetic constants of the transcellular transport of Ca2+ are the Michaelis constant~ Km, = 0.45 mM and the maximum rate of transport, Vmax, = 116 nM min-l. It follows from this that at physiological levels of Ca2+, transport of Ca2+ to the fetus is relatively independent of changes in [Ca2+]m. Strontium and barium (SrCl2 and BaC12, l mM) decreased Jmf,tc; the response was prompt and reversible. Magnesium (2 mM) had no effect. Maternal-fetal transport of 85Sr2+ and 133Ba2+ was decreased rapidly and reversibly by elevating [Ca2+]m from 0.35 to 2 mM. These observations suggest that Sr2+ and Ba2+ are transported across tile placenta by the Ca2+ transport system. This means that the transport is not substrate specific. Cadrium (1 mM-CdCl2) decreased Jmf,tc irreversibly with some latency. The slowness of the response suggests a non-competitive inhibition. Cadmium (0.02 mM-CdCl2) was without effect on Jmf,tc. 7. A Ca2+ channel blocker, nifedipine (10 uM), administered to the maternal side had no effect on Jmf,tc. /calcium salts/
The paracellular and trancellular components of Ca+2 transfer across the perfused human placental cotyledon was dissected and the nature of the transcellular component was explored. Transfer of 45 Ca+2 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid labeled with chromiun (51)CR was measured across the in vitro perfused cotyledon of the human placenta and paracellular and transcellular components of the transfer of Ca+2 were calculated from the transfer of the two tracers. The transcellular component of the Ca+2 transfer in the maternal-fetal direction represented about one third of the total maternal-fetal transfer. It was saturable sensitive to cyanide and insensitive to verapamil. The transcellular component in the fetal-maternal direction was not different from zero. The in vitro transfer rates correlated well with the transfer rates estimated for the in vivo situation from data published in the literature. There is a significant active transport of Ca+2 across the human placenta in the maternal-fetal direction. /calcium salts/

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Approximately 80% of body calcium is excreted in the feces as insoluble salts; urinary excretion accounts for the remaining 20%.

Interactions
In the early growth phase of Sesamum indicum cv. PB-1, the decrease in fresh and dry mass was higher with 1.0 mM Cd2+ than with the same level of Pb2+ and Cu2+. Recovery from the metal stress was considerable in the root fresh weight and almost completely in the root dry weight when 10.0 mM (1.9 EC), calcium chloride was supplied to the growing seedlings along with the metal salts in various combinations. Accumulation of /divalent/ Pb, Cd and Cu was differential to the metals and the plant parts when supplied without or with 10.0 mM calcium chloride. The order of endogenous metal accumulation was Cu Cd Pb and roots accumulated more metal than the leaves in the absence, as well as in the presence, of calcium chloride. Calcium chloride could recover loss of in vivo NRA in roots caused by either of the metal combinations, whereas the salt could recover the loss in leaf NRA caused only by Pb---Cd (1.0 mM each). Response of root and leaf NRA was on the other hand, different when the enzyme was assayed directly using an in vitro assay method, and the salt accelerated the loss in enzyme activity drastically. The organic-N content of root and leaf was, however, increased significantly (p < 0.001) with calcium chloride alone and with the metals supplied in various combinations. /The/ data indicate that instead of a high endogenous accumulation of /divalent/ Cu, Cd and Pb in roots and leaves the metal toxicity is recovered to a great extent in the presence of 10.0 mM calcium chloride in the root environment regarding growth and nitrate reduction of the roots and leaves of young sesame seedlings.
Diltiazem is commonly used to treat atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) with rapid ventricular response (RVR). Although it is very effective for rate control, up to an 18% prevalence of reported diltiazem-induced hypotension (defined by systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mm Hg), and a mean of 9.7% hypotension have been reported from several studies totaling over 450 patients. This hypotension may complicate therapy. /This study/ objective was to determine if calcium chloride (CaCl2) pre-treatment would blunt a SBP drop after i.v. diltiazem, while allowing diltiazem to maintain its efficacy. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Seventy-eight patients with AFF and a ventricular rate of > or = 120 beats per minute were enrolled. Half received i.v. CaCl2 pre-treatment; the other half received placebo. All patients then received i.v. diltiazem in a standard, weight-based dose. A second dose of CaCl2 pre-treatment or placebo and diltiazem was given if clinically indicated for additional rate control. Both CaCl2 and placebo pre-treatment groups had equal lowering of heart rate (p < 0.001). There were no adverse events in the calcium pre-treatment study arm. One patient in the placebo group became paradoxically more tachycardic and apneic after the diltiazem infusion. Although i.v. CaCl2 seems to be equally safe compared to placebo as a pre-treatment in the management of AFF with RVR, /the researchers/ were unable to find a statistically significant blunting of SBP drop with CaCl2 i.v. pre-treatment.
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. plants were grown with NaCl and CaCl2 in order to study the effect of CaCl2 on NaCl-induced oxidative stress in terms of lipid peroxidation (TBARS content), H2O2 content, osmolyte concentration, proline (PRO)-metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant enzyme activities, and indole alkaloid accumulation. The plants were treated with solutions of 80 mM NaCl, 80 mM NaCl with 5 mM CaCl2 and 5 mM CaCl2 alone. Groundwater was used for irrigation of control plants. Plants were uprooted randomly on 90 days after sowing (DAS). NaCl-stressed plants showed increased TBARS, H2O2, glycine betaine (GB) and PRO contents, decreased proline oxidase (PROX) activity, and increased gamma-glutamyl kinase (gamma-GK) activity when compared to control. Addition of CaCl2 to NaCl-stressed plants lowered the PRO concentration by increasing the level of PROX and decreasing the gamma-GK activities. Calcium ions increased the GB contents. CaCl2 appears to confer greater osmoprotection by the additive role with NaCl in GB accumulation. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were increased under salinity and further enhanced due to CaCl2 treatment. The NaCl-with-CaCl2-treated C. roseus plants showed an increase in total indole alkaloid content in shoots and roots when compared to NaCl-treated and untreated plants.
/This study was conducted/ to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of calcium chloride in a canine model of acute propranolol toxicity. Two minutes after the completion of a propranolol infusion (10 mg/kg), a bolus of 0.125 mL/kg 10% CaCl solution followed by an infusion of 0.375 mL/kg over the next 30 minutes or a bolus and subsequent infusion of an equivalent volume of normal saline solution was administered to each dog. CaCl yielded significant improvements in propranolol-induced decreases in cardiac index and stroke volume compared with saline solution-treated control animals (overall alpha = 0.05). Furthermore, CaCl administration resulted in earlier improvement in propranolol-induced alterations in mean arterial pressure, maximal left ventricular pressure change over time, and peripheral vascular resistance compared with saline solution (overall alpha = 0.05). We observed no difference between treatment groups in response to propranolol-induced bradycardia or QRS-interval prolongation. In this model of acute propranolol toxicity, CaCl therapy improved depressed hemodynamic status, mainly by a positive inotropic action.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for CALCIUM CHLORIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rabbit male oral 755 mg/kg bw
LD50 Rabbit male oral 507 mg/kg bw
LD50 Rabbit dermal >5000 mg/kg bw
LD50 Rat im 25 mg/kg bw
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CALCIUM CHLORIDE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1].Facile Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols and Phenols Using Anhydrous Calcium Chloride under Mild and Neutral Conditions. Volume 134, pages 425–428, (2003) Cite this article.

Calcium chloride is a white to off-white solid. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)
Calcium dichloride is a calcium salt, an inorganic chloride and an inorganic calcium salt. It has a role as a fertilizer.
Calcium chloride is an ionic compound of calcium and chlorine. It is highly soluble in water and it is deliquescent. It is a salt that is solid at room temperature, and it behaves as a typical ionic halide. It has several common applications such as brine for refrigeration plants, ice and dust control on roads, and in cement. It can be produced directly from limestone, but large amounts are also produced as a by-product of the Solvay process. Because of its hygroscopic nature, it must be kept in tightly-sealed containers.
Calcium Chloride is a crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, Calcium Chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. (NCI04)
A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
See also: Chloride Ion (has active moiety); Calcium Cation (has active moiety) ... View More ...

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Drug Indication
For the treatment of hypocalcemia in those conditions requiring a prompt increase in blood plasma calcium levels, for the treatment of magnesium intoxication due to overdosage of magnesium sulfate, and used to combat the deleterious effects of hyperkalemia as measured by electrocardiographic (ECG), pending correction of the increased potassium level in the extracellular fluid.

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Mechanism of Action
Calcium chloride in water dissociates to provide calcium (Ca²⁺) and chloride (Cl^-) ions. They are normal constituents of the body fluids and are dependent on various physiological mechanisms for maintenance of balance between intake and output. For hyperkalemia, the influx of calcium helps restore the normal gradient between threshold potential and resting membrane potential.

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Therapeutic Uses
Therapeutic Category (Veterinary): May be used intravenously in hypocalcemic states such as milk fever
Therapeutic Category: Electrolyte replacement. Has been used as diuretic, urinary acidifier, antiallergic
/SRP: Calcium gluconate has replaced many therapeudic indications for calcium chloride./ 10% Calcium Chloride Injection, USP is indicated (1) for the treatment of hypocalcemia in those conditions requiring a prompt increase in blood plasma calcium levels, (2) in the treatment of magnesium intoxication due to overdosage of magnesium sulfate and (3) to combat the deleterious effects of hyperkalemia as measured by electrocardiographic (ECG), pending correction of the increased potassium level in the extracellular fluid. 10% Calcium Chloride Injection, USP also may be used in cardiac resuscitation when weak or inadequate contractions return following defibrillation or when epinephrine injection has failed to strengthen myocardial contractions.
/EXPERIMENTAL THER:/ Between March 3, 1987 and Sept. 8, 1989, Intra-arterial calcium infusions were used to treat 28 patients (38 extremities) suffering hydrofluoric acid exposures that failed to respond to topical treatments. Although 18 of the injuries occurred at work, only 1 patient was using hydrofluoric acid in a concentration greater than 12%. Many of these products were available over the counter. Most patients did not wear protective equipment and had no concept of the danger of injury from the product. Onset of symptoms (pain, erythema and edema) was delayed from 1 to 6 hr after exposure. Arterial catheters were placed and the patient was begun on a protocol using 10 mL of 10% calcium chloride diluted with 40 ml normal saline and infused over a 4-hr period. Each patient was allowed a 4-8 hr rest period before assessing the need for additional infusions. Blood calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, PT, and PTT were, monitored. Infusions were repeated until there was no tenderness. Using tenderness as an end-point increased the number of infusions compared to previous reports. The mean number of infusions was 4.1 (range, 1-10). Success (complete healing) was 100%. There was a significant rise in serum calcium, but not to dangerous levels (range 9.3-12.8). There was also a significant fall in magnesium, which reached levels requiring magnesium intravenously. There were no significant changes in phosphorus, PT, and PTT.
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CALCIUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
Calcium chloride should not be injected IM or into subcutaneous or perivascular tissue, since severe necrosis and sloughing may occur.
Calcium chloride is contraindicated for cardiac resuscitation in the presence of ventricular fibrillation or in patients with the risk of existing digitalis toxicity.
This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum. Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 ug/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category: C /RISK CANNOT BE RULED OUT. Adequate, well controlled human studies are lacking, and animal studies have shown risk to the fetus or are lacking as well. There is a chance of fetal harm if the drug is given during pregnancy; but the potential benefits may outweigh the potential risk./
Rapid injection may cause the patient to complain of tingling sensations, a calcium taste, a sense of oppression or "heat wave". Injections of calcium chloride are accompanied by peripheral vasodilatation as well as a local "burning" sensation and there may be a moderate fall in blood pressure. Should perivascular infiltration occur, I.V. administration at that site should be discontinued at once. Local infiltration of the affected area with 1% procaine hydrochloride, to which hyaluronidase may be added, will often reduce venospasm and dilute the calcium remaining in the tissues locally. Local application of heat may also be helpful.

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Pharmacodynamics
Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the body and the major fraction is in the bony structure. Calcium plays important physiological roles, many of which are poorly understood. It is essential for the functional integrity of the nervous and muscular systems. It is necessary for normal cardiac function and is one of the factors that operates in the mechanisms involved in the coagulation of blood.

CACL2

110.98

109.9

10043-52-4

5284359

White cubic crystals or powder
Cubic crystals, granules or fused masses
White .. lumps of flakes

1.086 g/mL at 20 °C

1600 °C

772 °C(lit.)

>1600°C

0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

n20/D 1.358

1.379

0

2

0

3

0

0

UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L

InChI=1S/Ca.2ClH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2

calcium;dichloride

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)