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| Targets |
The primary target of genistein is the oestrogen receptor (ER) and tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR). However, genistein 7‑sulfate has negligible binding affinity for both ERα and ERβ (IC₅₀ > 100 µM) and does not inhibit protein tyrosine kinases at physiologically relevant concentrations (IC₅₀ > 200 µM). Its main biological role is as a circulating reservoir of genistein, because the sulfate can be hydrolysed by sulfatases in tissues to regenerate the active aglycone. It also serves as a substrate for the organic anion transporters (OATs), mediating its renal clearance.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, genistein 7‑sulfate sodium does not exhibit significant antioxidant or anti‑proliferative activity in cultured cancer cells (e.g., MCF‑7, PC‑3) at concentrations up to 100 µM, whereas genistein is active at 10‑50 µM. It does not stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity (a marker of oestrogenic effect) in Ishikawa cells. It is stable in cell culture medium at 37°C for 24 h, with <5% hydrolysis. It is taken up by cells via OATs but is rapidly exported or trapped in lysosomes, limiting its intracellular accumulation.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, genistein 7‑sulfate is the major circulating form of genistein in humans after soy consumption, reaching plasma concentrations of 0.5‑2 µM, which is much higher than the aglycone. It is cleared by the kidney via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. In animal models, intravenous infusion of the sulfate (10 µmol/kg) shows a half‑life of ~1 h. It does not exert any oestrogenic effects in uterotrophic assays in ovariectomised rats, confirming its lack of oestrogen receptor activity.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For analytical purposes, genistein 7‑sulfate sodium is used as a standard in LC‑MS/MS. A common method uses a C18 column, mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile gradient, negative ion mode (m/z 335 → 255 for the sulfate, and 269 → 133 for genistein). Calibration curves are linear from 1‑1000 ng/mL. The compound is also used in sulfatase activity assays: human tissue homogenates are incubated with the substrate, and the released genistein is quantified.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell uptake assays: HepG2 or Caco‑2 cells are treated with 1‑50 µM genistein 7‑sulfate for 0‑24 h; intracellular and extracellular concentrations are measured by LC‑MS/MS. The compound is poorly permeable (Papp < 1 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s in Caco‑2 monolayers), consistent with its low lipophilicity. It is a substrate for OAT1/3; uptake can be inhibited by probenecid (100 µM). These assays help define its transport properties and metabolic stability.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo pharmacokinetic studies: male Sprague‑Dawley rats are dosed intravenously (5 mg/kg) or orally (20 mg/kg) with genistein 7‑sulfate sodium. Blood samples are collected over 8 h, and plasma concentrations are analysed. After IV dosing, the half‑life is ~0.8 h, clearance is high (~1.5 L/h/kg), and the volume of distribution is ~1 L/kg. Oral bioavailability is <2% due to poor intestinal absorption and intestinal microbiota hydrolysis. The compound is excreted unchanged in urine.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties in humans: after soy ingestion, the sulfate appears in plasma with a Tmax of 6‑8 h and a half‑life of ~5‑7 h. It is highly polar and protein‑bound (~80%). It undergoes enterohepatic circulation after deconjugation by gut flora, leading to secondary peaks. The area under the curve (AUC) is several‑fold higher than that of the aglycone. The compound is an excellent marker for systemic exposure to soy isoflavones.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicology: genistein 7‑sulfate has a very low toxicity profile. In acute toxicity studies in rats, the oral LD₅₀ is >2000 mg/kg. No adverse effects are seen in 28‑day studies at 200 mg/kg/day. It is not mutagenic in Ames tests. The compound is not an endocrine disruptor, unlike the aglycone, as the sulfate group blocks receptor binding. It is not a skin or eye irritant. It is considered safe as a food metabolite.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Additional information: Genistein 7‑sulfate sodium is a metabolite standard (CAS not widely publicised, typically provided as a sodium salt). It is used in nutritional and clinical studies to monitor isoflavone metabolism. It is not a drug and has no therapeutic application. Its main value is in understanding the bioavailability and metabolic fate of dietary soy isoflavones. The compound is available from research chemical suppliers. Storage should be at –20°C in a desiccator to prevent deliquescence. It is typically provided as a white powder with high purity (>98%).
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| Molecular Formula |
C15H9NAO8S
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| Molecular Weight |
372.28
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6862 mL | 13.4308 mL | 26.8615 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5372 mL | 2.6862 mL | 5.3723 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2686 mL | 1.3431 mL | 2.6862 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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