Dotriacontane does not have a specific biological target in the traditional sense of receptor or enzyme binding. As a straight-chain alkane, it is not known to interact with specific proteins or receptors with high affinity. Instead, its biological relevance stems from its role as a metabolic substrate in photosynthetic organisms. In these organisms, dotriacontane can be absorbed and metabolized as part of lipid metabolism pathways. The compound may also serve as a component of plant cuticular waxes, where it contributes to the hydrophobic barrier properties of the plant surface. In the context of carbon tracing studies, dotriacontane's "target" is essentially the metabolic pathways involved in alkane degradation and assimilation, which include oxidation reactions and β-oxidation-like pathways. However, it does not act as an inhibitor or activator of any specific enzyme.

In vitro activity of dotriacontane is not characterized in terms of pharmacological potency or enzyme modulation. As an inert hydrocarbon, it does not exhibit typical bioactivity such as enzyme inhibition, receptor agonism, or cytotoxicity. Its primary in vitro applications involve use as a reference standard in analytical chemistry, including gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the identification and quantification of alkanes in environmental, biological, or food samples. In studies of photosynthetic organisms, dotriacontane labeled with 14C can be used to trace carbon incorporation and metabolism in vitro using algal or plant cell cultures. The compound's lack of pharmacological activity means it is not evaluated in standard bioactivity assays such as cell viability or enzyme inhibition screens.

In vivo activity of dotriacontane is primarily related to its metabolism in photosynthetic organisms and its use as a carbon tracing agent. Studies have shown that dotriacontane can be absorbed and metabolized by photosynthetic organisms such as diatoms (e.g., Chaetoceros simplex calcitrans). When labeled with 14C, dotriacontane can be administered to these organisms to track carbon flow through metabolic pathways, providing insights into fatty acid biosynthesis and other lipid-related processes. The compound does not exert pharmacological effects in animals, and there is no evidence of therapeutic activity. Its in vivo relevance is confined to ecological and metabolic studies rather than biomedical applications. No data on its effects in mammalian systems have been reported.

In vitro enzyme or receptor binding assay protocols are not applicable to dotriacontane, as the compound does not interact with specific enzymes or receptors in a pharmacologically relevant manner. Instead, dotriacontane is used as a standard in analytical assays. A typical protocol for its use as a reference standard involves preparing stock solutions in organic solvents such as hexane or chloroform at known concentrations, followed by injection into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) or mass spectrometer. Calibration curves are generated by plotting peak area against concentration, and the compound is used to identify and quantify alkanes in unknown samples. For 14C-labeled dotriacontane, liquid scintillation counting is used to detect radioactivity in metabolic studies. These protocols are standard in analytical chemistry and environmental science.

In vitro cell-based assay protocols are not typically applied to dotriacontane due to its lack of pharmacological activity and poor aqueous solubility. However, in studies of photosynthetic organisms, cell-based experiments may involve incubating algal or plant cell cultures with 14C-labeled dotriacontane to assess its uptake and metabolism. A typical protocol would involve adding the labeled compound to culture media (with appropriate emulsifiers or organic solvents to facilitate dispersion), incubating for defined periods (e.g., hours to days), harvesting cells, extracting lipids, and analyzing radioactivity incorporation into various lipid fractions. For mammalian cell lines, dotriacontane is not used in standard bioactivity screens. Its extreme hydrophobicity (logP ~15) precludes meaningful cell-based activity assessment in aqueous media.

In vivo animal experimental protocols are not applicable to dotriacontane, as the compound is not used in animal models for pharmacological evaluation. Its in vivo applications are limited to ecological studies in photosynthetic organisms. In such studies, organisms like diatoms or algae are exposed to 14C-labeled dotriacontane in their growth medium, and the incorporation of radioactivity into biomass is measured over time. Typical endpoints include the quantification of radioactivity in total lipid extracts, specific lipid classes, and respiratory CO2. These experiments are conducted under controlled light and temperature conditions to assess the effects of environmental factors on alkane metabolism. No mammalian in vivo protocols have been established for dotriacontane.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Samples of pork, veal, and chicken imported from other countries into Italy were analyzed to determine the content of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the total content of n-alkanes ranged from 0.3 to 10.5 ppm. The carbon chain length of n-alkanes ranged from C12 to C33. Phytenes were found only in bovine tissue. No alkenes were detected in any of the analyzed samples. /n-Alkanes/ Nasal inhalation exposure and intratracheal inoculation were described as methods that expose only the lungs to the harmful substance. In nasal inhalation studies, animals were secured in a support-like device or whole-body tube, and each animal's nose was inserted into the chamber or channel for aerosol delivery. Over 70% of the substance was deposited in the lungs of the exposed animals, compared to only 13% with conventional exposure methods. Due to the low level of surface exposure, less substance was ingested through grooming. The deposition and distribution of particulate matter showed good reproducibility, with inter-animal variability of less than 20%. The main drawback of nasal exposure systems is that animals are restricted in their activity and cannot eat or drink during exposure. Results obtained using triacontane and catechol are described in this paper. For endotracheal inoculation, the test substance is placed in the lungs, allowing it to interact directly with lung cells. A blunt needle is carefully inserted into the animal's throat, through the tracheal rings, to the lung bifurcation, and then the substance is injected. This technique is applicable to rats, mice, and hamsters. The procedure is fairly simple and quick, allowing for multiple injections per day. Multiple therapeutic doses can be administered, and dosing can be repeated over extended periods; the chemical bypasses the upper respiratory tract. Disadvantages of this method include: it is not a normal route of exposure, anesthesia is required, particle size delivered to the lungs may be uneven, and special care is needed to ensure the animal's survival during the procedure.

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Pharmacokinetic properties of dotriacontane in mammalian systems have not been characterized, as the compound is not used as a therapeutic agent. As a highly hydrophobic alkane (logP ~15), dotriacontane would be expected to have extremely low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability. If ingested, it would likely be poorly absorbed and primarily excreted unchanged in feces. In photosynthetic organisms, dotriacontane can be absorbed and metabolized, with 14C-labeled versions used to trace carbon flow through metabolic pathways. The compound's metabolism in these organisms likely involves terminal oxidation followed by β-oxidation to generate shorter-chain fatty acids and energy. However, specific PK parameters such as half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, and bioavailability have not been reported and are not relevant to its research applications.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Triacontane is a higher n-alkane containing 32 carbon atoms (C32) and is used for research. Human Exposure and Toxicity: No relevant data are currently available. Animal Studies: Inhalation studies have been conducted on smoking baboons using 14C-triacontane as a marker for particulate matter. 14C-triacontane has been recovered from lung lavage fluid. N-alkanes in the C12-C33 range have been found in pork, veal, and chicken samples.

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 in mice via intravenous injection: 100 mg/kg

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Toxicological data for dotriacontane are limited, as the compound is not used in therapeutic or consumer applications. As a long-chain saturated alkane, it is considered to have low toxicity due to its inert chemical nature and poor bioavailability. Alkanes of this chain length are generally not absorbed significantly from the gastrointestinal tract and are eliminated in feces. No acute toxicity (LD50), subchronic toxicity, genotoxicity, or reproductive toxicity studies have been reported specifically for dotriacontane. In occupational settings, exposure to alkanes may occur through inhalation of dusts or mists, but the health effects are generally mild and relate to irritancy rather than systemic toxicity. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound, including use of appropriate personal protective equipment and adequate ventilation.

[1].The marine diatom Chaetoceros simplex calcitrans Paulsen and its environment. Effects of light and ultraviolet irradiation on the biosynthesis of fatty acids[J]. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'academie des sciences. Serie D: Sciences Naturelles, 1976, 282(2): 239-242.

Triacontane is a long-chain alkane. It has been reported to exist in Vanilla madagascariensis, Echinacea angustifolia, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Eupatorium perfoliatum (whole plant, part).

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Dotriacontane is a research-grade chemical primarily used as an analytical standard and a carbon tracing agent in studies of photosynthetic organisms. It can be labeled with 14C for tracking carbon metabolism in algae and plants. The compound has no clinical applications and has not entered clinical trials or received regulatory approval for any therapeutic indication. Its mechanism of action in biological systems is limited to its role as a metabolic substrate in alkane-degrading organisms. In the context of analytical chemistry, dotriacontane serves as a reference standard for the identification and quantification of alkanes in complex mixtures such as petroleum products, environmental samples, and food matrices. The compound is also used in studies of plant cuticular waxes, where long-chain alkanes are important components of the hydrophobic barrier on plant surfaces. It is not intended for human use.

C32H66

450.87

450.516

544-85-4

11008

White to light yellow solid powder

0.8±0.1 g/cm3

466.7±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg

69.7 °C ; 74 - 75 °C

323.9±8.0 °C

0.0±0.5 mmHg at 25°C

1.452

17.76

0

0

29

32

264

0

C([H])([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H]

QHMGJGNTMQDRQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C32H66/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-32H2,1-2H3

dotriacontane

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)