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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Menaquinone 9 does not have a specific receptor or enzyme target in the traditional pharmacological sense, as it is a vitamin K2 homolog with physiological functions. Vitamin K2 (menaquinones) serves as a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which catalyzes the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on proteins, converting them to γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues. This post-translational modification is essential for the biological activity of vitamin K-dependent proteins, including those involved in blood coagulation (e.g., prothrombin) and bone metabolism (e.g., osteocalcin). Menaquinone 9 also functions as an electron transfer component in nitrate reductase in bacteria.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Menaquinone 9 is used as a research tool to study vitamin K metabolism and function. It is a vitamin K2 homolog that acts as a prothrombogenic agent and is involved in the electron transport chain in bacteria. The compound's activity can be assessed in biochemical assays measuring its ability to support γ-glutamyl carboxylase activity or to function as an electron carrier in bacterial enzyme systems. However, specific pharmacological activity data such as IC50 values are not typically reported, as the compound is not used as a drug but as a research tool for studying vitamin K biology.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Menaquinone 9 is a form of vitamin K2 that can be obtained from the diet or produced by gut bacteria. In humans, vitamin K2 is involved in blood coagulation, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular health. However, the specific effects of Menaquinone 9 compared to other vitamin K homologs are not well-established. Studies have shown that in the presence of oxygen and light, menaquinones undergo rapid photooxidation at the isoprenoid unit closest to the quinone ring. The compound is not used as a therapeutic agent in its isolated form but is studied for its potential health benefits.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme or receptor binding assay protocols are not directly applicable to Menaquinone 9, as it is a vitamin K homolog rather than a pharmacologically active compound targeting a specific enzyme or receptor. However, its activity can be assessed in biochemical assays measuring vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. A standard protocol would involve incubating a vitamin K-dependent protein substrate (e.g., osteocalcin or a peptide substrate) with recombinant γ-glutamyl carboxylase, vitamin K hydroquinone (the reduced form of menaquinone), and CO2. The extent of carboxylation is measured by mass spectrometry or by using radiolabeled CO2. Menaquinone 9 can be used as a cofactor in these assays to assess its ability to support carboxylation.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assay protocols for Menaquinone 9 would typically involve treating cells with the compound to assess its effects on vitamin K-dependent processes. A standard protocol would involve culturing osteoblasts or other relevant cell lines and treating them with varying concentrations of Menaquinone 9 for a defined period. The expression and activity of vitamin K-dependent proteins (e.g., osteocalcin) can be assessed by Western blot or ELISA. The compound's effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, or mineralization can also be assessed. Appropriate controls include vehicle-treated cells and cells treated with other vitamin K homologs for comparison.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experimental protocols for Menaquinone 9 would typically involve administering the compound to animals to study its effects on vitamin K-dependent processes. A standard protocol would involve supplementing the diet of rodents with Menaquinone 9 at varying doses for several weeks. Endpoints would include assessment of blood coagulation parameters, bone mineral density, and measurement of vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation in tissues. However, specific published protocols for Menaquinone 9 are limited.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Menaquinone 9 have not been extensively characterized in published studies. The compound has a molecular weight of 785.23 and a molecular formula of C56H80O2. As a highly lipophilic molecule with a long isoprenoid side chain, Menaquinone 9 would be expected to have poor aqueous solubility, high membrane permeability, and extensive distribution into lipid-rich tissues. It is typically absorbed with dietary fats and transported in lipoproteins. The compound is sensitive to photooxidation in the presence of oxygen and light. Specific PK parameters such as half-life, Cmax, AUC, and bioavailability have not been extensively reported.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Menadione-9 is a menadione with nine all-trans isoprene units in its side chain. It is a metabolite of Escherichia coli. Menadione-9 has also been reported in Streptomyces roseum, Streptomyces sporangiosum, and other organisms with relevant data.
Menaquinone 9 (MK-9, vitamin K2(45)) is a research-grade vitamin K2 homolog with nine isoprenoid units in its side chain. It is produced by bacteria, including E. coli, and plays a critical role in the electron transport chain of prokaryotes. It acts as a prothrombogenic agent and functional electron transfer component in nitrate reductase. The compound is sensitive to photooxidation. It has no therapeutic applications as an isolated compound and has not entered clinical trials. The compound is available for research purposes. |
| Molecular Formula |
C56H80O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
785.23
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| Exact Mass |
770.6
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| CAS # |
523-39-7
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| PubChem CID |
6289935
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| Appearance |
White to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
799.0±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
60-61ºC
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| Flash Point |
278.0±29.9 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.531
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| LogP |
20.71
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
26
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| Heavy Atom Count |
58
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| Complexity |
1630
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC1=C(C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O)C/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CCC=C(C)C
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| InChi Key |
WCRXHNIUHQUASO-UVZVDVBNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C56H80O2/c1-42(2)22-14-23-43(3)24-15-25-44(4)26-16-27-45(5)28-17-29-46(6)30-18-31-47(7)32-19-33-48(8)34-20-35-49(9)36-21-37-50(10)40-41-52-51(11)55(57)53-38-12-13-39-54(53)56(52)58/h12-13,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38-40H,14-21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,41H2,1-11H3/b43-24+,44-26+,45-28+,46-30+,47-32+,48-34+,49-36+,50-40+
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| Chemical Name |
2-methyl-3-[(2E,6E,10E,14E,18E,22E,26E,30E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35-nonamethylhexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaenyl]naphthalene-1,4-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.2735 mL | 6.3676 mL | 12.7351 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2547 mL | 1.2735 mL | 2.5470 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1274 mL | 0.6368 mL | 1.2735 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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