X-ray contrast agent
Iomeprol targets X-ray imaging applications as a radiographic contrast agent. It contains three iodine atoms per molecule, which provide high X-ray absorption due to iodine's high atomic number. As a non-ionic contrast agent with low osmolality, it has a better safety profile compared to ionic, high-osmolar contrast agents. It is used for vascular, body cavity, and gastrointestinal tract contrast examinations.

Iomeprol is a benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position. It has a role as a radioopaque medium, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a benzenedicarboxamide and an organoiodine compound.
Iomeprol is a tri-iodinated, non-ionic radiographic contrast agent for intraarterial or intravenous use. Iomeprol demonstrates low chemotoxicity, osmolality and viscosity and high water solubility. Iomeprol first appeared in the market in 1994 and is currently used in various diagnostic processes involving x-ray imaging and computed tomography (CT) scans.
Iomeprol is a Radiographic Contrast Agent. The mechanism of action of iomeprol is as a X-Ray Contrast Activity.
IOMEPROL is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV that was first approved in 2024.
structure given in first source

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In vitro activity of Iomeprol is related to its physical properties as a contrast agent rather than biological activity. Its high iodine content enables X-ray attenuation, providing contrast in radiographic imaging. Its low viscosity and osmolality make it suitable for high-resolution vascular imaging and complex procedures like coronary computed tomography angiography. It has stable chemical properties and can withstand high temperature sterilization.

Iomeprol is a radiographic iodinated contrast agent that opacifies the vessels and body structures where the contrast agent is present following intravenous or intra-arterial administration, permitting radiographic visualization of the internal structures through attenuation of X-ray photons. In imaging of the body, iodinated contrast agents diffuse from the vessels into the extravascular space. In normal brain with an intact blood-brain barrier, the contrast agent does not diffuse into the extravascular space and contrast enhancement is generally due to the presence of contrast within the vascular space. In patients with a disrupted blood-brain barrier, the contrast agent accumulates in the extravascular space in the region of disruption.
The degree of radiographic enhancement by iomeprol is related to the iodine concentration in the tissue of interest following the administration of iomeprol. However, the exposure-response relationships and time course of pharmacodynamic response of iomeprol have not been fully characterized. At therapeutic concentrations, iomeprol was not shown to cause significant effects on the cardiovascular, central nervous, renal, and complement systems.
Intra-arterial iomeprol is indicated for: - Cerebral arteriography, including intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IA-DSA), in adults and pediatric patients - Visceral and peripheral arteriography and aortography, including IA-DSA, in adults and pediatric patients - Coronary arteriography and cardiac ventriculography in adults - Radiographic evaluation of cardiac chambers and related arteries in pediatric patients Intravenous iomeprol is indicated for: - Computed tomography (CT) of the head and body in adults and pediatric patients - CT angiography of intracranial, visceral, and lower extremity arteries in adults and pediatric patients - Coronary CT angiography in adults and pediatric patients - CT urography in adults and pediatric patients

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In vivo activity of Iomeprol is demonstrated by its ability to enhance X-ray imaging contrast in various clinical applications. It is widely used for angiography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), and can also be applied in cavity imaging such as the urinary tract. Its low osmotic pressure and stable chemical properties contribute to its safety and effectiveness in clinical use. It is not approved in the United States but is available in other countries.

The in vitro testing for Iomeprol typically involves physical and chemical characterization rather than enzyme/receptor binding assays. Key parameters measured include osmolality, viscosity, iodine content, and chemical stability. The compound's ability to attenuate X-rays is quantified by measuring its radiopacity. Standard protocols include testing under various temperature and storage conditions to ensure stability.

In vitro cell-based assays are not typically applicable for Iomeprol as it is a contrast agent rather than a pharmacologically active compound. However, cytotoxicity studies may be performed using cell lines to evaluate potential adverse effects. Standard protocols involve treating cells with varying concentrations of the contrast agent and measuring cell viability using MTT or similar assays. These studies help assess the safety profile of the contrast agent.

In vivo animal studies for Iomeprol are conducted to evaluate its contrast-enhancing properties and safety profile. Animals are administered the contrast agent via intravenous or other routes, and imaging is performed using X-ray or CT to assess contrast enhancement. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as distribution, clearance, and organ accumulation are determined. Safety is evaluated by monitoring vital signs, organ function, and histopathological changes.

Absorption
In the dose range of 250 mg iodine/kg to 1250 mg iodine/kg body weight, the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) are dose-dependent.
Elimination Pathway
Approximately 90% of the dose of iodomeprazole is excreted unchanged in the urine within 24 hours.
Volume of Distribution
The volume of distribution of iodomeprazole is 0.28 (0.05) L/kg. In rats, iodomeprazole has been shown to cross the placenta and be secreted into milk.
Clearance
The total clearance is 0.10 (0.01) L/hr/kg.
Protein Binding
Iodomeprazole is not bound to plasma proteins.
Metabolism/Metabolites
Iodomeprazole is not significantly metabolized.
Biological Half-Life
The elimination half-life of iodomeprazole is 1.8 (0.33) hours.

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Pharmacokinetic properties of Iomeprol include its behavior as a non-ionic, low-osmolar contrast agent. It has a molecular weight of 777.09 and a molecular formula of C17H22I3N3O8. It is distributed in the vascular compartment and rapidly excreted by the kidneys. Its low osmolality and stable chemical properties contribute to its favorable pharmacokinetic profile. It can withstand high temperature sterilization.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Lactation Use
Iodopyr has not yet received marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but it is available in other countries. UK drug labeling and guidelines from multiple professional organizations indicate that breastfeeding mothers do not need to discontinue breastfeeding after receiving iodine-containing contrast agents such as Iodopyr. ◉ Impact on Breastfed Infants
A premature infant, born at 31 weeks and 4 days of gestation, was found to have a significantly elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 87.6 mIU/L (normal range: 0.27 to 4.20 mIU/L) at 17 days of age. The infant's TSH level was normal at birth. Thyroglobulin was also elevated to 811 ng/mL (normal range: 3.5 to 77 ng/mL), but free T4 was normal. The infant was breastfed from birth (the extent of breastfeeding was not specified), but also received partial parenteral nutrition until day 10 after birth. The infant's mother received an injection of iodine methimazole at a dose of 350 mg/kg on day 4 postpartum and discontinued breastfeeding within 24 hours of the injection. The mother had a history of subclinical hypothyroidism and was receiving levothyroxine treatment. The infant's transient hypothyroidism (manifested as elevated TSH and thyroglobulin) was likely due to iodine from the contrast agent entering the breast milk.
◉ Effects on lactation and breast milk
No relevant published information was found as of the revision date.

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3731 Mouse LD50 Intravenous injection 19700 mg/kg Behavior: lethargy (reduced overall activity); lungs, pleura, or respiration: other changes; blood: hemorrhage. Monthly Pharmacy, 36(2410), 1994
3731 Rat LD50 Intracervical administration 5100 mg/kg Monthly Pharmacy, 36(2410), 1994
3731 Rat LD50 Intravenous injection 14300 mg/kg Behavior: somnolence (overall activity inhibition); lungs, pleura, or respiration: other changes; blood: hemorrhage. Monthly Pharmacy. Monthly Pharmacy, 36(2410), 1994
3731 Dog LD50 Intravenous injection > 12500 mg/kg Behavior: food intake (animal); Behavior: fluid intake; kidneys, ureters, and bladder: increased urine output. Monthly Pharmacy, 36(2410), 1994
3731 Mouse LD50 Intracerebral injection 1186 mg/kg. Monthly Pharmacy, 36(2410), 1994

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Toxicity of Iomeprol is relatively low compared to ionic, high-osmolar contrast agents due to its non-ionic nature and low osmolality. Adverse reactions are generally mild and include nausea, vomiting, and allergic-type reactions. Severe reactions are rare. It is not approved in the United States but is available in other countries. Standard safety precautions for handling contrast agents should be followed.

[1].Method for preparing iomeprol. China, CN107253918 A 2017-10-17.

[2].Drugs. 2000 May;59(5):1169-86.

Iomeprazole is a phthalamide compound with N-substituted carbamoyl groups at positions 1 and 3, iodine substituents at positions 2, 4, and 6, and an alcoholyl (methyl)amino group at position 5. It can be used as a radioactive contrast agent, an environmental pollutant, and an exogenous substance. It is both a phthalamide compound and an organoiodine compound. Iomeprazole has been investigated for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Iomeprazole is a non-ionic monomeric iodinated contrast agent. Unlike traditional ionic contrast agents, ioomeprazole has several advantages, including low chemical toxicity, low osmotic pressure, low viscosity, and high water solubility. Studies have shown that X-ray images obtained using ioomeprazole (iodine content 150 to 400 mg/ml) are mostly of good to excellent quality. A study involving 40 to 6127 patients undergoing various radiological examinations showed that the diagnostic efficacy of ioomeprazole is comparable to other non-ionic contrast agents such as iopamidol, iopromide, iohexol, and iodrelan.
Iomeprazole also showed good tolerability. Most adverse reactions were transient and mild to moderate. The overall incidence of adverse reactions ranged from 3% to 49.7%. Common problems included local pain (≤6%), burning sensation (8% to 45%), taste disturbance (3% to 27%), and various pseudohypersensory reactions (≤20%).
Iomeprazole solutions are available in a variety of iodine concentrations (150 to 400 mg/ml). They have been approved for use in a variety of diagnostic procedures. Iomeprazole’s chemical stability makes it chelate-free. Therefore, it is the first formulation in its class to be free of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In conclusion, as a nonionic contrast agent, iomeprazole is well-suited for enhancing diagnostic imaging, helping to improve patient outcomes and diagnostic accuracy. [2]

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Iomeprol is a non-ionic, triiodinated, monomeric radiographic contrast agent classified as a low-osmolar contrast medium (LOCM). It has low osmotic pressure and stable chemical properties. It is widely used for angiography, contrast-enhanced CT, and cavity imaging. It functions by absorbing X-rays due to iodine's high atomic number. It is not approved in the US but is available in other countries.

C17H22I3N3O8

777.09

776.854

C, 26.28; H, 2.85; I, 48.99; N, 5.41; O, 16.47

78649-41-9

3731

White to off-white solid at room temperature

2.3±0.1 g/cm3

813.2±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg

285-291

445.6±34.3 °C

0.0±3.1 mmHg at 25°C

1.735

-3.08

7

8

10

31

591

0

CN(C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1I)C(=O)NCC(CO)O)I)C(=O)NCC(CO)O)I)C(=O)CO

NJKDOADNQSYQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C17H22I3N3O8/c1-23(9(29)6-26)15-13(19)10(16(30)21-2-7(27)4-24)12(18)11(14(15)20)17(31)22-3-8(28)5-25/h7-8,24-28H,2-6H2,1H3,(H,21,30)(H,22,31)

1-N,3-N-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5-[(2-hydroxyacetyl)-methylamino]-2,4,6-triiodobenzene-1,3-dicarboxamide

iomeprol; 78649-41-9; Iomeron; Iomeprolum; Iomeprolo;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O: ~125 mg/mL (160.9 mM)
DMSO: ~100 mg/mL (128.7 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)