Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), GLP-1 receptor[1]

Tirzepatide (LY3298176) demonstrates noticeably higher efficacy than dulaglutide in terms of weight loss and glucose control[1]. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced agonist of the GIPR and GLP-1R and shows biased signaling at the GLP-1R.Tirzepatide differentially induces internalization of the GIPR versus the GLP-1R.[2]

Tirzepatide (LY3298176) has shown better efficacy than dulaglutide in terms of glycemic control and weight loss [1].With chronic administration to mice, LY3298176 potently decreased body weight and food intake; these effects were significantly greater than the effects of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. [3] Tirzepatide significantly improved impaired glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose level, and insulin level in diabetic rats. Then, tirzepatide dramatically alleviated spatial learning and memory impairment, inhibited Aβ accumulation, prevented structural damage, boosted the synthesis of synaptic proteins and increased dendritic spines formation in diabetic hippocampus. Furthermore, some aberrant changes in signal molecules concerning inflammation signaling pathways were normalized after tirzepatide treatment in diabetic rats. Finally, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway was restored by tirzepatide.[4]

Competition binding with human GLP-1(7-36)NH2, GIP(1-42), tirzepatide, and semaglutide was performed essentially as described for homologous competition except that the assay buffer was 1.0 mM MgCl2, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 0.003% w/v Tween-20, 0.1% w/v bacitracin in 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, final concentrations with one Complete EDTA free protease inhibitor tablet added per 50 mL of buffer. Using GraphPad Prism 7 software, Bmax values for [125I]GLP-1(7-36)NH2 or [125I]GIP(1-42) binding to GLP-1R and GIPR membranes were determined by nonlinear regression analysis using the amount bound versus the concentration of competing homologous peptide added. The Bmax was used to calculate the number of receptors per cell. For competing peptides, Ki values were determined by nonlinear regression analysis using the amount of [125I]GLP-1(7-36)NH2 or [125I]GIP(1-42) bound versus the concentration of peptide added.[2]

HEK293 cells stably expressing HA-GIPR-EFGP or HA–GLP-1R–EFGP clones were plated into poly-D-lysine–coated 96-well microplates and cultured until cells reached 80%–90% confluency. On the day of assay, growth media was removed, and cells were rinsed once with prewarmed starvation media (growth media without serum or antibiotics, supplemented with 0.1% casein) and equilibrated with fresh media for 1 hour at 37°C, 5% CO2. Concentration response curves of GLP-1, GIP, and tirzepatide were prepared in prewarmed starvation media, added to cells for designated times, and incubated at 37°C. At the end of the study, media was removed, and cells were placed on ice and fixed with Prefer fixative (Anatech) for 10 minutes. Fixative was removed, and cells were washed in PBS and blocked with Odyssey blocking buffer (Licor) for 1 hour. Cells were incubated with anti-HA/DyLight800 antibody (1:700) (Rockland Immunochemicals, 600-445-384) for 1 hour followed by washes with PBS-T. Plates were scanned using a Licor Clx scanner with the 800 nm channel laser to capture fluorescence signal in each well. Data were normalized to maximum concentrations of GLP-1 or GIP (100%) and no ligand (0%) and analyzed by nonlinear regression (sigmoidal concentration-response) and plotted using GraphPad Prism 7 software.[2]

High fat diet and streptozotocin injection-induced diabetic rats were injected intraperitoneally with Tirzepatide (1.35 mg/kg) once a week. The protective effects were assessed using the Morris water maze test, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. Golgi staining was adopted for quantified dendritic spines.[4]
Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 180 and 200 g (aged 7–8 weeks) were raised in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) conditions with a light/dark cycle of 12 h/12 h and temperature–humidity (22°C ± 1°C, 50% ± 10%) controlled. All procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (IACUC Number: 2021-03-003). Animal care and handling were performed according to the Declaration of management of laboratory animals regarding the care and use of laboratory animals. After 2 weeks adaptation with normal diet, a total of 32 rats were fed with HF diet (67.5% standard laboratory rat chow, 20% sugar, 10% lard, 2% cholesterol and 0.5% bile salts), while 24 rats were raised by standard chow. According to our previous study, 35 mg/kg STZ was injected by intraperitoneal injection in the rats of HF diet group, whereas normal group were injected with citrate buffer only. After 2 weeks feeding, 31 rats with a fasting blood glucose levels reaching 11.0 mmol/L were randomly divided into two experimental groups as follows: diabetes mellitus group (DM), DM + Tirzepatide group (Tirzepatide, 1.35 mg/kg, once a week). At the same time, 24 rats of standard chow group were randomly divided into control group (Con) and Con + Tirzepatide group (Tirzepatide, 1.35 mg/kg, once a week). All drugs were prepared preserving more than 1 year under given conditions avoiding degradation. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on the 13th week. Behavioral test was conducted before the sacrificed week. Fasting blood glucose and body weight were measured weekly until the sacrificed week. In the 15th week, all rats were sacrificed and collected samples which were executed follow-up experiments. A timeline of experimental procedure is presented in Figure 1A.[4]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Over the dose range of 1-5 mg, the Cmax of tirzepatide ranged from 108 to 397 ng/mL. The mean absolute bioavailability of tirzepatide following subcutaneous administration is 80%. Following subcutaneous administration, the Tmax ranged from eight to 72 hours. The steady-state plasma concentrations were achieved following four weeks of once-weekly subcutaneous administration. As tirzepatide delays gastric emptying, it has the potential to affect the absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications. The US prescribing information recommends the use of caution when co-administering tirzepatide with other oral medications.
Tirzepatide is primarily excreted via urine and feces, mostly in the form of metabolites. Unchanged parent drug was not detectable in urine and feces.
Following subcutaneous administration, the mean steady-state volume of distribution was 9.5 L. The mean apparent steady-state volume of distribution of tirzepatide following subcutaneous administration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was approximately 10.3 L.
The apparent population mean clearance of tirzepatide is 0.061 L/h. The mean steady-state apparent clearance of tirzepatide was 0.056 L/h.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Tirzepatide is metabolized by proteolytic cleavage of the peptide backbone, beta-oxidation of the C20 fatty diacid moiety, and amide hydrolysis.

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Biological Half-Life
The half-life is approximately five days.

Hepatotoxicity
In preregistration clinical trials, serum aminotransferase elevations of greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) arose in less than 1% of patients during therapy with tirzepatide and similar rates occurred in placebo recipients and in comparator arm groups. In studies of more than 5,000 patients, there were no reports of severe liver test abnormalities or clinically apparent liver injury attributable to tirzepatide. However, tirzepatide has been associated with a slightly higher rate of acute gallbladder disease (cholelithiasis, biliary cholic and cholecystectomy) reported in 0.6% of treated patients vs none of placebo-treated patients. Gallbladder conditions are mentioned in the warning section of the product label for tirzepatide.
Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the clinical use of tirzepatide during breastfeeding. Because tirzepatide is a large peptide molecule with a molecular weight of 4814 Da, the amount in milk is likely to be low and absorption is unlikely because it is probably partially destroyed in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. Until more data become available, tirzepatide should be used with caution during breastfeeding, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◈ What is tirzepatide?
Tirzepatide is a medication that has been used to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes. It is available as an injection (given by shot). The injectable form is sold under the brand name Mounjaro®.Tirzepatide can also be used as an injection to treat obesity. A brand name for tirzepatide used for weight management is Zepbound®. Weight loss is not recommended during pregnancy. If you are using Zepound®, talk with your healthcare providers before making any changes to how you take your medication. Your healthcare providers can talk with you about the benefits of treating your condition and the risks of untreated illness during pregnancy.Obesity and elevated blood glucose can make it harder to get pregnant, and increase the chance of miscarriage, birth defects, or other pregnancy complications. MotherToBaby has fact sheets on diabetes https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/type-1-and-type-2-diabetes/ and obesity https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/obesity-pregnancy/.The product label for tirzepatide states the use of this medication might change the way oral contraceptives (birth control pills used to prevent pregnancy) are absorbed by the body. This might increase the chance of pregnancy, even if the oral birth control is taken correctly and consistently. The product label suggests people using oral contraceptives switch to a non-oral birth control or add a barrier method of contraception (like condoms) for 4 weeks after starting the medication and for 4 weeks after each increase in dose. If you are taking this medication, talk with your healthcare provider about non-oral birth control and all your options for preventing a pregnancy.
◈ I am taking tirzepatide, but I would like to stop taking it before getting pregnant. How long does the drug stay in my body?
The time it takes to metabolize (break down) medication is not the same for everyone. In healthy adults, it can take up to 30 days, on average, for most of the tirzepatide to be gone from the body.
◈ I take tirzepatide. Can it make it harder for me to get pregnant?
It is not known if tirzepatide can make it harder to get pregnant.
◈ Does taking tirzepatide increase the chance of miscarriage?
Miscarriage is common and can occur in any pregnancy for many different reasons. Studies have not been done in humans to see if tirzepatide can increase the chance of miscarriage.
◈ Does taking tirzepatide increase the chance of birth defects?
Every pregnancy starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a birth defect. This is called the background risk. Research studies have not been done to see if tirzepatide increases the chance of birth defects in humans. In animal studies, an increased chance for some birth defects was seen. However, it is unclear if these birth defects were due to the medication or other factors in the study (such as weight loss). Diabetes with unmet glucose goals or targets in pregnancy can increase the chance of birth defects. It is important that diabetes is managed during pregnancy and glucose levels stay in your goal/target range throughout pregnancy.
◈ Does taking tirzepatide in pregnancy increase the chance of other pregnancy-related problems?
Human studies have not been done to see if tirzepatide can increase the chance of pregnancy-related problems such as preterm delivery (birth before week 37) or low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth). Animal studies reported a decrease in the weight of the offspring after exposure to tirzepatide in pregnancy. It is unclear if this was due to the medication, weight loss in the mother, or other factors. Diabetes with unmet glucose goals/targets in pregnancy can increase the chance of pregnancy complications.
◈ Does taking tirzepatide in pregnancy affect future behavior or learning for the child?
Studies have not been done to see if tirzepatide can increase the chance of behavior or learning issues for the child.
◈ Breastfeeding while taking tirzepatide:
There is no available information about tirzepatide and human milk. Because it is a large molecule, tirzepatide is not expected to get into breastmilk in large amounts. Also, the medication is likely to break down in the infant's gastrointestinal tract and not be well-absorbed by the infant. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about all your breastfeeding questions.
◈ If a male takes tirzepatide, could it affect fertility or increase the chance of birth defects?
Studies have not been done in humans to see if tirzepatide could affect male fertility (ability to get partner pregnant) or increase the chance of birth defects above the background risk. There were no changes in male fertility reported in one animal study. In general, exposures that fathers or sperm donors have are unlikely to increase risks to a pregnancy. For more information, please see the MotherToBaby fact sheet Paternal Exposures at https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/.

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Protein Binding
Tirzepatide is 99% bound to plasma albumin.

[1]. Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018 Nov 17;392(10160):2180-2193.
[2]. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020 Sep 3; 5(17): e140532.
[3]. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018 Dec:18:3-14.
[4]. Tirzepatide ameliorates spatial learning and memory impairment through modulation of aberrant insulin resistance and inflammation response in diabetic rats. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Aug 28;14:1146960.

Pharmacodynamics
Tirzepatide is a synthetic peptide with glucose-lowering effects. It works to stimulate first- and second-phase insulin secretion, and reduces glucagon levels, both in a glucose-dependent manner. Tirzepatide was also shown to delay gastric emptying, lower fasting and postprandial glucose concentration, decrease food intake, and reduce body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes. Tirzepatide can increase insulin sensitivity. As the peptide is conjugated to a C20 fatty diacid moiety through a hydrophilic linker at the lysine residue at position 20, the drug is highly bound to albumin in the plasma, which prolongs its half-life.

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Background: LY3298176 is a novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of co-stimulation of the GLP-1 and GIP receptors with LY3298176 compared with placebo or selective stimulation of GLP-1 receptors with dulaglutide in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this double-blind, randomised, phase 2 study, patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1) to receive either once-weekly subcutaneous LY3298176 (1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg), dulaglutide (1·5 mg), or placebo for 26 weeks. Assignment was stratified by baseline glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), metformin use, and body-mass index (BMI). Eligible participants (aged 18-75) had type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months (HbA1c 7·0-10·5%, inclusive), that was inadequately controlled with diet and exercise alone or with stable metformin therapy, and a BMI of 23-50 kg/m2. The primary efficacy outcome was change in HbA1c from baseline to 26 weeks in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population (all patients who received at least one dose of study drug and had at least one postbaseline measurement of any outcome). Secondary endpoints, measured in the mITT on treatment dataset, were change in HbA1c from baseline to 12 weeks; change in mean bodyweight, fasting plasma glucose, waist circumference, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and proportion of patients reaching the HbA1c target (≤6·5% and <7·0%) from baseline to weeks 12 and 26; and proportion of patients with at least 5% and 10% bodyweight loss from baseline to 26 weeks. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03131687. Findings: Between May 24, 2017, and March 28, 2018, 555 participants were assessed for eligibility, of whom 318 were randomly assigned to one of the six treatment groups. Because two participants did not receive treatment, the modified intention-to-treat and safety populations included 316 participants. 258 (81·7%) participants completed 26 weeks of treatment, and 283 (89·6%) completed the study. At baseline, mean age was 57 years (SD 9), BMI was 32·6 kg/m2 (5·9), duration from diagnosis of diabetes was 9 years (6), HbA1c was 8·1% (1·0), 53% of patients were men, and 47% were women. At 26 weeks, the effect of LY3298176 on change in HbA1c was dose-dependent and did not plateau. Mean changes from baseline in HbA1c with LY3298176 were -1·06% for 1 mg, -1·73% for 5 mg, -1·89% for 10 mg, and -1·94% for 15 mg, compared with -0·06% for placebo (posterior mean differences [80% credible set] vs placebo: -1·00% [-1·22 to -0·79] for 1 mg, -1·67% [-1·88 to -1·46] for 5 mg, -1·83% [-2·04 to -1·61] for 10 mg, and -1·89% [-2·11 to -1·67] for 15 mg). Compared with dulaglutide (-1·21%) the posterior mean differences (80% credible set) for change in HbA1c from baseline to 26 weeks with the LY3298176 doses were 0·15% (-0·08 to 0·38) for 1 mg, -0·52% (-0·72 to -0·31) for 5 mg, -0·67% (-0·89 to -0·46) for 10 mg, and -0·73% (-0·95 to -0·52) for 15 mg. At 26 weeks, 33-90% of patients treated with LY3298176 achieved the HbA1c target of less than 7·0% (vs 52% with dulaglutide, 12% with placebo) and 15-82% achieved the HbA1c target of at least 6·5% (vs 39% with dulaglutide, 2% with placebo). Changes in fasting plasma glucose ranged from -0·4 mmol/L to -3·4 mmol/L for LY3298176 (vs 0·9 mmol/L for placebo, -1·2 mmol/L for dulaglutide). Changes in mean bodyweight ranged from -0·9 kg to -11·3 kg for LY3298176 (vs -0·4 kg for placebo, -2·7 kg for dulaglutide). At 26 weeks, 14-71% of those treated with LY3298176 achieved the weight loss target of at least 5% (vs 22% with dulaglutide, 0% with placebo) and 6-39% achieved the weight loss target of at least 10% (vs 9% with dulaglutide, 0% with placebo). Changes in waist circumference ranged from -2·1 cm to -10·2 cm for LY3298176 (vs -1·3 cm for placebo, -2·5 cm for dulaglutide). Changes in total cholesterol ranged from 0·2 mmol/L to -0·3 mmol/L for LY3298176 (vs 0·3 mmol/L for placebo, -0·2 mmol/L for dulaglutide). Changes in HDL or LDL cholesterol did not differ between the LY3298176 and placebo groups. Changes in triglyceride concentration ranged from 0 mmol/L to -0·8 mmol/L for LY3298176 (vs 0·3 mmol/L for placebo, -0·3 mmol/L for dulaglutide). The 12-week outcomes were similar to those at 26 weeks for all secondary outcomes. 13 (4%) of 316 participants across the six treatment groups had 23 serious adverse events in total. Gastrointestinal events (nausea, diarrhoea, and vomiting) were the most common treatment-emergent adverse events. The incidence of gastrointestinal events was dose-related (23·1% for 1 mg LY3298176, 32·7% for 5 mg LY3298176, 51·0% for 10 mg LY3298176, and 66·0% for 15 mg LY3298176, 42·6% for dulaglutide, 9·8% for placebo); most events were mild to moderate in intensity and transient. Decreased appetite was the second most common adverse event (3·8% for 1 mg LY3298176, 20·0% for 5 mg LY3298176, 25·5% for 10 mg LY3298176, 18·9% for 15 mg LY3298176, 5·6% for dulaglutide, 2·0% for placebo). There were no reports of severe hypoglycaemia. One patient in the placebo group died from lung adenocarcinoma stage IV, which was unrelated to study treatment. Interpretation: The dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, LY3298176, showed significantly better efficacy with regard to glucose control and weight loss than did dulaglutide, with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. Combined GIP and GLP-1 receptor stimulation might offer a new therapeutic option in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. [1]

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Tirzepatide (LY3298176) is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Early phase trials in T2DM indicate that tirzepatide improves clinical outcomes beyond those achieved by a selective GLP-1 receptor agonist. Therefore, we hypothesized that the integrated potency and signaling properties of tirzepatide provide a unique pharmacological profile tailored for improving broad metabolic control. Here, we establish methodology for calculating occupancy of each receptor for clinically efficacious doses of the drug. This analysis reveals a greater degree of engagement of tirzepatide for the GIP receptor than the GLP-1 receptor, corroborating an imbalanced mechanism of action. Pharmacologically, signaling studies demonstrate that tirzepatide mimics the actions of native GIP at the GIP receptor but shows bias at the GLP-1 receptor to favor cAMP generation over β-arrestin recruitment, coincident with a weaker ability to drive GLP-1 receptor internalization compared with GLP-1. Experiments in primary islets reveal β-arrestin1 limits the insulin response to GLP-1, but not GIP or tirzepatide, suggesting that the biased agonism of tirzepatide enhances insulin secretion. Imbalance toward GIP receptor, combined with distinct signaling properties at the GLP-1 receptor, together may account for the promising efficacy of this investigational agent. [2]

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Objective: A novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, LY3298176, was developed to determine whether the metabolic action of GIP adds to the established clinical benefits of selective GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: LY3298176 is a fatty acid modified peptide with dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist activity designed for once-weekly subcutaneous administration. LY3298176 was characterised in vitro, using signaling and functional assays in cell lines expressing recombinant or endogenous incretin receptors, and in vivo using body weight, food intake, insulin secretion and glycemic profiles in mice. A Phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was comprised of three parts: a single-ascending dose (SAD; doses 0.25-8 mg) and 4-week multiple-ascending dose (MAD; doses 0.5-10 mg) studies in healthy subjects (HS), followed by a 4-week multiple-dose Phase 1 b proof-of-concept (POC; doses 0.5-15 mg) in patients with T2DM (ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02759107). Doses higher than 5 mg were attained by titration, dulaglutide (DU) was used as a positive control. The primary objective was to investigate safety and tolerability of LY3298176. Results: LY3298176 activated both GIP and GLP-1 receptor signaling in vitro and showed glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance by acting on both GIP and GLP-1 receptors in mice. With chronic administration to mice, LY3298176 potently decreased body weight and food intake; these effects were significantly greater than the effects of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. A total of 142 human subjects received at least 1 dose of LY3298176, dulaglutide, or placebo. The PK profile of LY3298176 was investigated over a wide dose range (0.25-15 mg) and supports once-weekly administration. In the Phase 1 b trial of diabetic subjects, LY3298176 doses of 10 mg and 15 mg significantly reduced fasting serum glucose compared to placebo (least square mean [LSM] difference [95% CI]: -49.12 mg/dL [-78.14, -20.12] and -43.15 mg/dL [-73.06, -13.21], respectively). Reductions in body weight were significantly greater with the LY3298176 1.5 mg, 4.5 mg and 10 mg doses versus placebo in MAD HS (LSM difference [95% CI]: -1.75 kg [-3.38, -0.12], -5.09 kg [-6.72, -3.46] and -4.61 kg [-6.21, -3.01], respectively) and doses of 10 mg and 15 mg had a relevant effect in T2DM patients (LSM difference [95% CI]: -2.62 kg [-3.79, -1.45] and -2.07 kg [-3.25, -0.88], respectively. The most frequent side effects reported with LY3298176 were gastrointestinal (vomiting, nausea, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, and abdominal distension) in both HS and patients with T2DM; all were dose-dependent and considered mild to moderate in severity. Conclusions: Based on these results, the pharmacology of LY3298176 translates from preclinical to clinical studies. LY3298176 has the potential to deliver clinically meaningful improvement in glycaemic control and body weight. The data warrant further clinical evaluation of LY3298176 for the treatment of T2DM and potentially obesity. [3]

C227H349F3N48O70

4927.47

Tirzepatide;2023788-19-2;Tirzepatide hydrochloride;13C,15N Tirzepatide

Tyr-{Aib}-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-{Aib}-Leu-Asp-Lys-Ile-Ala-Gln-{C20 diacid-gamma-Glu-(AEEA)2-Lys}-Ala-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2

Y-{Aib}-EGTFTSDYSI-{Aib}-LDKIAQ-{C20 diacid-gamma-Glu-(AEEA)2-Lys}-AFVQWLIAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH2

White to off-white solid

CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CC[C@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C32)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N4CCC[C@H]4C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N5CCC[C@H]5C(=O)N6CCC[C@H]6C(=O)N7CCC[C@H]7C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC8=CC=C(C=C8)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC9=CC=CC=C9)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)N.CC(=O)O

Tirzepatide TFA; LY3298176 TFA; LY-3298176 TFA

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Typically soluble in DMSO

Note: Please refer to the "Guidelines for Dissolving Peptides" section in the 4th page of the "Instructions for use" file (upper-right section of this webpage) for how to dissolve peptides.

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Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)