| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
ATP-binding sites of ATPases, kinases, helicases, and other ATP-dependent enzymes. AMP-PNP competitively binds to these sites and mimics ATP binding but cannot be hydrolyzed, thus trapping enzymes in a specific conformation state without the energy release from ATP hydrolysis.
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| ln Vitro |
In enzymatic assays, AMP-PNP competitively inhibits ATP-dependent enzyme systems such as glutamine synthetase, DNA topoisomerase II, SV40 large T-antigen helicase, and various kinases. In structural studies of the vitamin B12 transporter BtuCD-F, AMP-PNP blocks the channel formed by two BtuCD proteins, preventing B12 entry.
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| ln Vivo |
Due to its non-hydrolyzable nature, AMP-PNP is not used for direct in vivo functional studies where ATP hydrolysis is required. It is primarily a tool for in vitro mechanistic studies, though it has been used in cell-free systems and isolated organelle preparations to inhibit ATP-driven processes.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Enzyme activity assays measure the rate of ATP hydrolysis in the presence or absence of AMP-PNP. Reaction mixtures contain purified ATPase or kinase, substrate, and ATP. AMP-PNP is added at varying concentrations. After incubation, remaining ATP or released inorganic phosphate is quantified by colorimetric methods or HPLC.
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| Cell Assay |
In cell culture, AMP-PNP is typically used in permeabilized cells or cell lysates rather than intact cells, as its charged phosphate groups prevent efficient membrane penetration. Cell lysates are incubated with AMP-PNP and ATP to study energy-dependent processes such as protein folding, DNA replication, or transport.
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| Animal Protocol |
Not applicable. AMP-PNP is not used for in vivo animal experiments due to its inability to cross cell membranes and its non-hydrolyzable nature. Its applications are strictly limited to cell-free and in vitro biochemical studies.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
When used in vitro, AMP-PNP is stable in aqueous solutions and resistant to enzymatic degradation. In cell lysates or purified enzyme systems, it remains intact throughout typical experimental time courses (minutes to hours), allowing for prolonged occupation of ATP-binding sites without hydrolysis.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
AMP-PNP is considered low-toxicity for standard laboratory use. It is not used in living animals, and cytotoxicity assessments are not typical for this compound. Standard safety precautions for handling nucleotide analogs apply.
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| References |
[1]. Korkhov VM, et al. Structure of AMP-PNP-bound vitamin B12 transporter BtuCD-F. Nature. 2012 Oct 18;490(7420):367-72.
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| Additional Infomation |
AMP-PNP is also known as beta,gamma-Imido-ATP. It is widely used in crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies to trap ATPases and transporters in ATP-bound conformations. It is an essential tool for mechanistic studies of molecular motors, pumps, and other ATP-dependent enzymes.
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H17N6O12P3.XLI.XH2O
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| Related CAS # |
AMP-PNP tetralithium;72957-42-7;AMP-PNP;25612-73-1
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~50 mg/mL
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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