| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
None (analytical internal standard). Guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP) is a naturally occurring nucleotide that serves as a building block for RNA and is a precursor for the synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP), a key second messenger involved in various physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and platelet aggregation. The stable isotope-labeled version, Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium, is not pharmacologically active; it is a stable isotope-labeled internal standard for quantitative mass spectrometry. It does not have a specific biological target (receptor or enzyme) for pharmacological modulation. The 15N labeling does not alter the chemical properties of GMP significantly, but it changes the mass, allowing it to be distinguished from the endogenous unlabeled GMP in LC-MS/MS analysis. The compound is used to quantify GMP and other nucleotides in complex biological matrices.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as tracers for quantification throughout the drug development process. Due to its potential to alter the pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of medications, deuteration has drawn attention[1].
Not applicable. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium is a stable isotope-labeled internal standard and is not used in biological activity assays to measure enzyme inhibition or cell proliferation. The unlabeled GMP is an endogenous metabolite and a substrate for various enzymes, including guanylate kinases (which convert GMP to GDP), nucleotidases (which dephosphorylate GMP to guanosine), and guanylyl cyclases (which convert GTP to cGMP). However, the labeled version is not typically used to study these enzymes because it is chemically identical (except for isotope substitution). Some researchers may use it as a tracer in metabolic flux studies. For example, cells can be cultured in a medium containing 15N-labeled precursors, and the incorporation of 15N into GMP can be measured by mass spectrometry to study de novo purine synthesis. However, this is not a standard activity assay. For in vitro enzyme assays, unlabeled GMP is used. Therefore, no specific in vitro activity data are available for this compound. |
| ln Vivo |
Not applicable. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium is an internal standard for LC-MS/MS and is not administered to animals for efficacy studies. It is not used as a therapeutic agent. It may be administered to animals as part of a tracer study to measure nucleotide turnover, but this is not a standard protocol. In such a study, the labeled compound (e.g., 1-10 mg/kg, i.v.) would be injected into rats or mice, and blood or tissues would be collected at various time points to measure the enrichment of 15N-GMP by LC-MS/MS. However, no such studies are published for this specific product. The compound is for research use only and is not intended for in vivo efficacy studies.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
Not applicable. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium is used as an internal standard in LC-MS/MS methods for nucleotide analysis, not in non-cellular binding assays. However, if a binding assay were to be performed (e.g., binding of GMP to a protein such as guanylate kinase or a GMP-binding protein), the labeled compound could be used as a tracer in a competitive binding experiment. For example, a fluorescence polarization or radioligand binding assay could be set up with a fixed concentration of unlabeled GMP and a fixed concentration of labeled GMP (or vice versa), and binding to the protein is measured after separation. However, these are not standard protocols for this product. The primary use is analytical. For LC-MS/MS method validation: prepare calibration standards and quality control samples in blank matrix (e.g., plasma, urine, tissue homogenate) by spiking known concentrations of unlabeled GMP and a fixed concentration of the 15N5-labeled internal standard (e.g., 10-100 ng/mL). Process samples by protein precipitation with acetonitrile or solid-phase extraction (SPE). Inject the extract into an LC-MS/MS system equipped with a C18 column. Use mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B). For GMP, typical MRM transitions: unlabeled GMP: m/z 364 → 152 (or 364 → 79, 364 → 97). For 15N5-GMP: m/z 369 → 152 (or 369 → 84, etc.). Quantify using peak area ratio (analyte / internal standard). The linear range is typically 0.1-1000 ng/mL. This is not a binding assay.
|
| Cell Assay |
Not applicable. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium is not used in cell-based assays to measure biological activity. It may be added to cell culture media as a tracer for nucleotide metabolism studies. For example, cells (e.g., hepatocytes, cancer cells) are cultured in medium containing 15N5-labeled GMP (0.1-10 uM) for 1-24 hours. Then, intracellular nucleotides are extracted with cold methanol, and the incorporation of 15N into GMP, GDP, GTP, and other nucleotides is measured by LC-MS/MS. This can be used to study nucleotide turnover and conversion pathways. However, this is not a standard biological activity (e.g., cytotoxicity or enzyme inhibition) assay. The unlabeled GMP is not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 uM. Therefore, no detailed protocol is provided. For researchers interested in using the compound as a tracer, they can add it directly to cell culture medium at a final concentration of 1-10 uM (from a 1-10 mM stock in water) and then process cells. All experiments should include appropriate controls (e.g., no labeled compound). The compound is stable in culture media for up to 24 hours.
|
| Animal Protocol |
Not applicable. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium is not administered to animals for efficacy studies. It may be used in pharmacokinetic studies as an internal standard to quantify unlabeled GMP (if GMP is being administered as a drug) or as a tracer for metabolic studies. For a tracer study, rats (n=3) are given an intravenous bolus of 15N5-GMP (1-10 mg/kg) dissolved in PBS. Blood is collected at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 min, and the plasma concentration of 15N5-GMP is measured by LC-MS/MS. From these data, PK parameters (t1/2, CL, Vd, AUC) can be calculated. However, this is not an efficacy study; it is a PK study. The compound is not a therapeutic agent, and no in vivo animal experiment protocols for efficacy are available. The product is for research use only.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Not applicable. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium is a stable isotope-labeled internal standard, not a drug. Therefore, pharmacokinetic parameters of the labeled compound itself are not typically determined because it is used as an analytical tool. However, if administered in tracer amounts, its PK would be identical to unlabeled GMP. Unlabeled GMP, when administered intravenously, is rapidly cleared from the circulation, with a plasma half-life of minutes (likely 5-15 min) due to rapid hydrolysis by ecto-nucleotidases and renal clearance. The plasma concentration of GMP is normally very low (nM range). The labeled compound is stable and does not undergo isotope exchange. The sodium salt is water-soluble.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No specific toxicity data are available for Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium. GMP (unlabeled) is a naturally occurring nucleotide and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a food additive (flavor enhancer). The 15N isotope is non-radioactive and stable, and its incorporation into GMP does not alter the toxicity profile. In vitro, GMP (up to 10 mM) is not cytotoxic to most cell lines. In vivo, the acute toxicity of GMP is very low (LD50 > 2 g/kg in rodents). The compound is not genotoxic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic. Standard laboratory safety precautions (gloves, lab coat) should be used. The product is for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
GMP (guanosine-5'-monophosphate) is a ribonucleotide that serves as a building block for RNA and is a precursor for the synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP), a second messenger in nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptide signaling. GMP is also used as a food additive (flavor enhancer, E number E626). Stable isotope-labeled GMP (e.g., 15N5, 13C10, 15N5, or 13C10,15N5) is used as an internal standard for quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of nucleotides in biological samples. This is essential in metabolomics, biomarker discovery, and clinical research. The sodium salt is used for solubility and stability. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate-15N5 sodium is not a drug; it is a research-grade analytical standard for mass spectrometry. It is for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C10H1215N5NA2O8P
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
412.15
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.4263 mL | 12.1315 mL | 24.2630 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4853 mL | 2.4263 mL | 4.8526 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2426 mL | 1.2132 mL | 2.4263 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
