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| Targets |
L-Tryptophan acts as a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3 (niacin). L-Tryptophan-15N is used as a tracer for the study of these metabolic pathways, but its primary role is as an analytical standard.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as tracers for quantification throughout the drug development process. Due to its potential to alter the pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of medications, deuteration has drawn attention[1].
L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that serves as the precursor for serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3. As a stable isotope-labeled compound, L-Tryptophan-15N is not administered for its biological effects but rather as a tracer for metabolic studies. |
| ln Vivo |
L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in protein synthesis and neurotransmitter production. L-Tryptophan-15N is used as a tracer to study the metabolism of tryptophan and its conversion to downstream metabolites such as serotonin and kynurenine. Detailed in vivo data for the labeled compound is not available.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell binding assays for L-Tryptophan-15N are not typically performed, as it is used as a tracer and not for receptor binding studies. However, it can be used in assays with purified enzymes that metabolize tryptophan, such as tryptophan hydroxylase or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. For enzyme assays, purified enzyme is incubated with L-Tryptophan-15N (as the substrate) in assay buffer (e.g., 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 1 mM DTT, 100 uM ferrous ammonium sulfate, 2 mM ascorbic acid) at 37degC for 30-60 minutes. The reaction is terminated with perchloric acid. The reaction products (e.g., 5-hydroxytryptophan-15N, kynurenine-15N) are analyzed and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The incorporation of the ¹⁵N label is monitored by mass shifts.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays using L-Tryptophan-15N are performed to study tryptophan metabolism. Cells (e.g., neurons, microglia, cancer cells, or immune cells) are seeded in culture plates (6-well or 10-cm dishes) and allowed to reach 70-80% confluence. The growth medium is replaced with medium containing L-Tryptophan-15N (typically at the concentration of tryptophan normally present in the culture medium, e.g., 50-100 uM) for 6-48 hours. At the end of the incubation, cells are washed with cold PBS, harvested, and extracted with methanol:water (80:20) or acetonitrile:water. The cell extracts are centrifuged, and the supernatants are analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The concentrations of ¹⁵N-labeled tryptophan and its metabolites (serotonin, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid) are quantified by comparing peak areas to standard curves. For metabolic flux analysis, cells are treated with L-Tryptophan-15N and samples are collected at multiple time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours). The isotopologue distribution (M+1, M+2, etc.) is analyzed. For proliferation or viability studies, L-Tryptophan-15N is not used; unlabeled tryptophan is used.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with L-Tryptophan-15N are performed to study whole-body tryptophan metabolism, protein turnover, and metabolic flux. Adult mice or rats are administered L-Tryptophan-15N via intraperitoneal (IP) injection (10-100 mg/kg), oral gavage (50-200 mg/kg), or intravenous (IV) injection. Blood samples are collected at various time points (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours). Plasma is separated, and proteins are precipitated with methanol. The supernatant is analyzed by LC-MS/MS for ¹⁵N-labeled tryptophan and its metabolites. At the end of the experiment (e.g., 24-72 hours), animals are euthanized, and tissues (brain, liver, kidney, gut) are harvested. Tissue samples are homogenized, and metabolites are extracted. For protein turnover studies, tissues are homogenized, and proteins are hydrolyzed (6N HCl, 110degC for 24 hours). The resulting amino acids are derivatized (e.g., with dansyl chloride or by forming butyl esters) and analyzed by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS to determine the ¹⁵N enrichment in the protein-bound tryptophan. By comparing the enrichment of free tryptophan (precursor pool) and protein-bound tryptophan, protein synthesis and degradation rates can be calculated using established compartmental models.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Tryptophan-15N is a stable isotope-labeled compound. Its pharmacokinetic properties are not evaluated in the same way as a drug because it is a labeled nutrient. However, the pharmacokinetics of L-tryptophan itself are well known. Following oral administration, L-tryptophan is absorbed from the small intestine via the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B⁰AT1). Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) occur around 1-2 hours post-dose (Tmax). The elimination half-life of tryptophan in plasma is approximately 1-2 hours. The volume of distribution is not applicable as it is an endogenous nutrient. The primary route of metabolism is the kynurenine pathway (via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO)), which accounts for ~95% of tryptophan metabolism. The remainder is metabolized to serotonin (via tryptophan hydroxylase) or incorporated into proteins. The ¹⁵N label is stable and is not lost during metabolism. The compound is eliminated in the urine as metabolites (kynurenine, anthranilic acid, etc.) or as intact tryptophan.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
As a stable isotope-labeled amino acid, L-Tryptophan-15N is considered safe and non-toxic at the low doses used in metabolic tracing studies (typically <100 mg/kg in animals). L-tryptophan itself has an LD50 in rats of >5000 mg/kg (oral). At very high doses, tryptophan can cause nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness. The ¹⁵N isotope is stable and non-radioactive, posing no additional health risk. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed. No long-term toxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity studies have been performed with the labeled compound.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
L-Tryptophan-15N is a stable heavy isotope (¹⁵N) labeled form of L-tryptophan. It is used as a tracer for quantitation during drug development and for studying metabolic pathways. It is an essential amino acid and a precursor for serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3. This product is for research use only and is not intended for human use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C11H12N15NO2
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| Related CAS # |
L-Tryptophan;73-22-3
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :~20 mg/mL (~97.46 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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