| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg | |||
| 10mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
PSM-beta targets bacterial membranes. As a phenol-soluble modulin and an analog of staphylococcal toxins, PSM-beta is a cytolytic peptide that exerts its effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to bacteriostatic activity. It exhibits low hemolytic activity against mammalian red blood cells, indicating a degree of selectivity for bacterial membranes. The peptide is isolated from Staphylococcus epidermidis.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, PSM-beta exhibits bacteriostatic properties. The peptide has been shown to have minimal hemolytic activity, making it a candidate for studying bacterial virulence mechanisms with reduced off-target toxicity. It is isolated from Staphylococcus epidermidis and functions as a phenol-soluble modulin, a class of peptides that contribute to staphylococcal pathogenesis. Its bacteriostatic activity has been demonstrated in vitro.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, PSM-beta can be studied to evaluate its role in Staphylococcus epidermidis pathogenesis. As a phenol-soluble modulin, it may contribute to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation, and immune evasion. However, detailed in vivo activity data have not been reported. The compound is primarily used as a research tool to study staphylococcal virulence and to develop anti-staphylococcal strategies.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A cell-free antimicrobial activity assay is performed. Bacterial strains (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or S. epidermidis) are grown overnight in Mueller-Hinton broth. PSM-beta is serially diluted 2-fold in sterile water or PBS in a 96-well plate to achieve concentrations of 0.125-128 uM. The bacterial suspension (5×10⁵ CFU/mL) is added. After 18-24 hours at 37degC, the MIC is determined as the lowest concentration with no visible growth. Hemolytic activity is assessed by incubating the peptide with 2% mouse or human RBCs; hemolysis is measured by absorbance at 540 nm.
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| Cell Assay |
PSM-beta is used to study its effects on bacterial cultures. S. epidermidis (or S. aureus) is grown in tryptic soy broth to mid-log phase. PSM-beta is added at various concentrations (1-50 uM). Bacterial growth is monitored by measuring OD600 every hour for 24 hours. For biofilm assays, bacteria are cultured in 96-well plates and treated with PSM-beta. Biofilm mass is quantified by crystal violet staining. Cytotoxicity to human cells (e.g., HaCaT keratinocytes) is assessed by LDH release assay.
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| Animal Protocol |
PSM-beta can be studied in mouse models of S. epidermidis infection. Female BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks, n=6-8 per group) are injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with S. epidermidis (1×10⁸ CFU) with or without PSM-beta. Alternatively, PSM-beta is administered to study its role in pathogenesis. Bacterial load in blood, spleen, and liver is quantified by CFU plating. Inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-alpha) are measured by ELISA. Skin infection models can also be used to assess abscess formation.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
PSM-beta has a molecular weight of 4639.28. It is an active peptide isolated from Staphylococcus epidermidis. The product is supplied as a lyophilized powder and should be stored at -20degC. Specific PK parameters have not been reported. The TFA salt form is the standard for peptide handling. For in vivo use, it can be dissolved in sterile PBS or saline.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
PSM-beta exhibits minimal hemolytic activity, indicating low toxicity to mammalian cells at concentrations that are bacteriostatic. Hemolytic activity is measured against 2% mouse or human red blood cells. The peptide shows low hemolysis compared to other phenol-soluble modulins. No other detailed toxicity data have been reported. As a bacterial virulence factor, high concentrations may cause cytotoxicity. Standard safety precautions for handling bacterial peptides should be followed.
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| References |
[1]. Mehlin C, et al. An inflammatory polypeptide complex from Staphylococcus epidermidis: isolation and characterization. J Exp Med. 1999 Mar 15;189(6):907-18.
[2]. Marchand A, et al. Anti-Legionella activity of staphylococcal hemolytic peptides. Peptides. 2011 May;32(5):845-51. |
| Additional Infomation |
PSM-beta is a research-grade peptide isolated from Staphylococcus epidermidis and is not approved for clinical use. It is an analog of staphylococcal toxins and a phenol-soluble modulin that exhibits bacteriostatic and poorly hemolytic properties. This product is a valuable tool for studying bacterial virulence, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of novel anti-staphylococcal agents. It is for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C208H338N52O65S
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~20 mg/mL (~4.31 mM)
DMSO :~1.96 mg/mL (~0.42 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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