| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
Saccharopine hydrochloride targets the mitochondria, where it acts as a toxin that disrupts cellular homeostasis. As a metabolite that accumulates in the lysine degradation pathway, it exerts its effects by interfering with mitochondrial function and potentially depleting ATP levels. The compound is not a traditional receptor/ligand agonist or antagonist; it is a metabolic intermediate that, when accumulated, causes cellular stress and toxicity. |
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| ln Vitro |
Glycoside dehydrogenase (SDH) mutations of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS-1) in C. elegans produce buildup of saccharopine, which results in damage and loss of function to the mitochondria [1].
In vitro, saccharopine hydrochloride is used as a tool to study mitochondrial toxicity and metabolic stress. As an intermediate in lysine degradation, it can be used to induce cellular stress in cultured cells. It can be applied to cell culture models to mimic the metabolic disruptions seen in saccharopinuria or related disorders. The specific EC50 or IC50 values for cellular toxicity are not provided, but it is known to act as a mitochondrial toxin when present at elevated concentrations. |
| ln Vivo |
In Aass mutant mice, accumulating saccharopine results in mitochondrial damage and gradual postnatal growth retardation [1].
Saccharopine (L-Saccharopine) is a degradation intermediate of lysine and a mitochondrial toxin. In vivo, the accumulation of saccharopine is associated with saccharopinuria, a rare autosomal recessive disorder of lysine metabolism caused by a deficiency in saccharopine dehydrogenase. Elevated levels of saccharopine in the urine and plasma can lead to neurological symptoms, hypotonia, and hepatomegaly. The compound is used in research to model this disease and to study the effects of mitochondrial toxins. |
| Enzyme Assay |
A cell-free enzymatic assay can be used to study the production and metabolism of saccharopine. The forward reaction (synthesis) can be measured by incubating recombinant lysine-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) with its substrates: L-lysine (50-200 uM) and alpha-ketoglutarate (50-200 uM) in the presence of NADPH (100 uM). The reaction is performed in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37degC. The formation of saccharopine can be measured using a colorimetric assay with ninhydrin (absorbance at 570 nm) or by LC-MS/MS. The reverse reaction (cleavage) is measured using saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH).
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| Cell Assay |
Saccharopine hydrochloride can be used to induce mitochondrial stress in cell culture models. Human cell lines (e.g., hepatocytes or neuronal cells) are seeded in 96-well plates (1×10⁴ cells/well) and treated with various concentrations of saccharopine (1-1000 uM) for 24-72 h. Cellular toxicity is assessed by MTT or LDH release assays. Mitochondrial function is evaluated by measuring ATP levels using a luminescent assay or by assessing mitochondrial membrane potential (deltaΨm) using the JC-1 dye. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can be quantified using the DCFH-DA probe.
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| Animal Protocol |
Saccharopine hydrochloride can be studied in animal models to induce metabolic toxicity and model lysine degradation disorders. Saccharopine (1-10 mg/kg) is administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intravenously (i.v.) to mice or rats. Blood samples are collected at various time points to measure saccharopine levels by LC-MS/MS. Tissue toxicity is assessed by histopathological examination of the liver and brain, organs known to be affected by saccharopinuria. Behavioral tests (e.g., open field, rotarod) can be performed to assess neurological deficits resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Saccharopine hydrochloride has a molecular weight of 312.75 and a molecular formula of C11H21ClN2O6. The powder should be stored as a solid at -20degC for up to 3 years. In solution, it is stable for 6 months at -80degC or 1 month at -20degC. The compound is soluble in water due to its ionic nature. Specific pharmacokinetic data are not available, but as an endogenous metabolite, it is rapidly cleared under normal physiological conditions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Saccharopine hydrochloride is a mitochondrial toxin. At high concentrations, it can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to ATP depletion, oxidative stress, and cell death. In patients with saccharopinuria, accumulation leads to neurological and hepatic symptoms. Therefore, this compound should be handled with caution in the laboratory to avoid accidental exposure. Standard safety precautions include using PPE (gloves, lab coat, eye protection) and working in a well-ventilated area.
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| References |
[1]. Zhou J, et, al. The lysine catabolite saccharopine impairs development by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis. J Cell Biol. 2019 Feb 4;218(2):580-597.
[2]. Leandro J, et, al. Saccharopine, a lysine degradation intermediate, is a mitochondrial toxin. J Cell Biol. 2019 Feb 4;218(2):391-392. [3]. Papes F, et, al. Lysine degradation through the saccharopine pathway in mammals: involvement of both bifunctional and monofunctional lysine-degrading enzymes in mouse. Biochem J. 1999 Dec 1;344 Pt 2(Pt 2):555-63. |
| Additional Infomation |
Saccharopine hydrochloride (L-Saccharopine hydrochloride) is a research-grade compound and is not approved for clinical use. It is a degradation intermediate of lysine and a mitochondrial toxin used to study metabolic disorders, mitochondrial biology, and cellular toxicity. It is also a metabolite used in biochemical research for enzyme assays involving LKR and SDH. This product is for research use only and not for human therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C11H21CLN2O6
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| Related CAS # |
Saccharopine;997-68-2
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| Appearance |
Colorless to off-white ointment
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O :~250 mg/mL (~799.36 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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