| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| 5mg |
|
||
| 10mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
TNF-alpha (10-36), human TFA is a peptide fragment of the full-length TNF-alpha protein. Its target is not a specific enzyme but rather the binding interfaces on the TNF-alpha protein itself. By using this fragment, researchers can study how TNF-alpha interacts with its receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2), which are part of the TNF receptor family involved in inflammation and apoptosis. The peptide helps to explore the domains of the cytokine that are responsible for receptor binding and signal transduction.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
The specific in vitro activity of this fragment is as a research reagent to block or identify interactions involving TNF-alpha. The peptide can be used to map the binding sites of antibodies, which can then be used to neutralize or detect TNF-alpha in biological samples. It may also be used to study TNF-alpha receptor binding in competition assays. In some contexts, TNF-alpha-derived peptides can directly stimulate or inhibit receptor activation, making them valuable for dissecting the structure-activity relationships of the cytokine.
|
| ln Vivo |
As a short peptide fragment, TNF-alpha (10-36) is not used as a therapeutic agent in animal models. Its use in vivo is primarily as an immunogen to produce specific antibodies for research. Full-length TNF-alpha is a potent cytokine with significant in vivo activity, including the induction of inflammation, apoptosis, and promoting cancer progression. The TFA salt of this fragment is used to enhance the solubility and handling of the peptide for laboratory research, not for studying these direct in vivo effects.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
The binding of TNF-alpha (10-36) to its target (e.g., an antibody or receptor) is often studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or ELISA. A typical binding assay can be set up to measure the affinity of this peptide for a commercially available TNF-alpha antibody. The antibody is immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip for SPR. The peptide is flowed over the chip at increasing concentrations (e.g., 0.1-100 nM) in HBS-EP buffer (10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% surfactant P20, pH 7.4). The binding affinity (KD) is calculated from the association and dissociation rate constants. For an ELISA, the peptide is coated onto a plate, and the binding of a biotinylated antibody is measured.
|
| Cell Assay |
For cell-based experiments, the peptide can be used to assess its biological effect on immune cells. A standard protocol uses human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or a monocytic cell line like THP-1. Cells are cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS. They are then treated with various concentrations of TNF-alpha (10-36), human TFA (e.g., 0.1-100 microg/mL) for a specific duration (e.g., 6-24 hours). After treatment, the cell culture supernatant is collected, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1beta, or TNF-alpha itself are measured by a sandwich ELISA to assess any stimulatory or inhibitory effects of the fragment.
|
| Animal Protocol |
The primary in vivo application of TNF-alpha (10-36) is as an immunogen to generate antibodies. A common protocol involves immunizing a rabbit or mouse with the peptide. A key step is the conjugation of the peptide to a larger carrier protein, such as Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) or Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), to increase its immunogenicity. A 1 mg/mL solution of the peptide is mixed with an equal volume of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). The emulsion is then injected subcutaneously at multiple sites (e.g., 200 microg per rabbit). Booster injections (in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant, IFA) are given at 2-4 week intervals. After 2-3 boosters, serum is collected and tested for antibody production using an ELISA with the unconjugated peptide.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of TNF-alpha (10-36), human TFA are not studied for therapeutic application. As a research peptide, its behavior in vivo is not characterized beyond its use as an immunogen. When administered in adjuvant (e.g., CFA), the peptide is slowly released from the injection site. It is typically soluble in water and can be prepared as a stock solution in PBS or saline. The TFA salt form is used to enhance the solubility and stability of the peptide during handling and storage. The peptide is typically stored as a lyophilized powder at -80degC for long-term stability [34L22-L24].
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicity data for TNF-alpha (10-36), human TFA is not available. As a short, synthetic peptide fragment, it is generally considered to have low toxicity for laboratory research purposes at the standard concentrations used (ug to mg/mL levels). However, as with all research chemicals, standard laboratory safety practices should be followed, including the use of lab coats, gloves, and eye protection. It is not intended for human use and is strictly a research tool. The product has not been fully validated for medical applications and is for research use only.
|
| Additional Infomation |
The human TNF-alpha (10-36) peptide is a powerful tool for research into immune regulation, inflammation, and cancer biology. It is a valuable tool for cytokine research, aiding in the study of inflammatory and oncogenic mechanisms. The peptide is derived from the full-length human TNF-alpha protein and is supplied as a TFA salt, a common and convenient form for synthetic peptides to ensure high purity and solubility. It is not a therapeutic drug, has not undergone clinical trials, and is strictly for research use only. It should be stored at -80degC to ensure long-term stability and prevent degradation [34L22-L24].
|
| Molecular Formula |
C133H212N43O40
|
|---|---|
| Related CAS # |
TNF-α (10-36), human;144796-70-3
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
