| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
beta-Hederin targets the cell membrane of Leishmania parasites, contributing to its antileishmanial activity. The compound disrupts the integrity of the parasite's plasma membrane, leading to permeabilization, loss of membrane potential, and ultimately cell death. It has also been shown to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In breast cancer cells, beta-hederin has been reported to trigger apoptosis through the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, characterized by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the activation of caspases. It can also modulate the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins (downregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and upregulating pro-apoptotic Bax), leading to an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In some contexts, it interacts with membrane cholesterol, which can affect membrane fluidity and signaling.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, beta-Hederin has been shown to be a potent antileishmanial agent. Against L. Mexicana promastigotes (the insect stage), its IC₅0 is 1.5 microM. It is even more potent against the clinically relevant L. mexicana amastigotes (the mammalian stage), with an IC₅0 of 68 nM. In THP1 human monocytic cells, it has an IC₅0 of 4.57 microM, showing some selectivity for the parasite over the mammalian immune cell. The compound has also shown significant cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines, including breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and melanoma (A375) cells, with IC₅0 values in the low micromolar range (e.g., 5-15 uM). Its mechanism involves the induction of apoptosis, as confirmed by DNA fragmentation, Annexin V staining, and caspase activation assays.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, beta-hederin has been shown to be effective in a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In a study using BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis, treatment with beta-hederin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, daily for 15 days) significantly reduced the size of the skin lesion and the parasite burden in the lesion compared to the vehicle control group. The treatment was also well-tolerated, with no significant weight loss or other signs of systemic toxicity reported. This study supports the potential of beta-hederin as a lead candidate for the treatment of leishmaniasis. However, due to its hemolytic properties (common to many saponins), systemic administration may be limited. Anticancer efficacy has been shown in mouse xenograft models of breast cancer, where it inhibits tumor growth.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A typical non-cellular binding assay for beta-hederin is not standard; however, its hemolytic activity is often measured. A simple hemolysis assay is performed using a 2% suspension of red blood cells (RBCs) from a suitable species (e.g., rat). beta-Hederin is dissolved in PBS at various concentrations (1-200 ug/mL). 100 uL of the RBC suspension is mixed with 100 uL of each compound solution in a 96-well plate. The plate is incubated at 37degC for 1 hour. The plate is then centrifuged, and the supernatant is transferred to a new plate. Hemoglobin release is measured by absorbance at 540 nm. Distilled water is used as a positive control (100% hemolysis), and PBS alone is a negative control. The percentage of hemolysis is calculated, and the HC₅0 (concentration that causes 50% hemolysis) is determined. This assay is important for evaluating the saponin's potential to cause RBC lysis, a common side effect.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for beta-hederin are performed using L. mexicana promastigotes or axenic amastigotes. Parasites are cultured in RPMI-1640 medium at 25degC (promastigotes) or 32degC (amastigotes). For the drug sensitivity assay, 2 × 10⁶ parasites/well are seeded in a 96-well plate. beta-Hederin is added at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 uM. After 48-72 hours of incubation, parasite viability is assessed using the MTT assay (for promastigotes) or the resazurin reduction assay (for amastigotes). The IC₅0 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) is calculated. Cytotoxicity against mammalian cells (e.g., murine macrophages) is assessed in parallel. A selectivity index (SI) is calculated as CC₅0 (mammalian cells) / IC₅0 (parasite) to evaluate the safety margin. An SI > 10 is generally considered good.
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| Animal Protocol |
An in vivo animal study for beta-hederin is performed in a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Female BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks old) are used. Mice are infected by subcutaneous injection into the hind footpad with 1 × 10⁶ L. amazonensis stationary-phase promastigotes. After 2-4 weeks, when a visible lesion appears (e.g., footpad swelling of 2-3 mm), the mice are randomized into groups (n=6-8). beta-Hederin is dissolved in PBS containing 5% DMSO. The compound is administered intraperitoneally (IP) at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg once daily for 15 days. A control group receives the vehicle alone. Amphotericin B (a standard drug) is used as a positive control. Footpad swelling is measured weekly with a caliper. At the end of the study, mice are euthanized, and the lesion tissue is collected to determine the parasite burden by limiting dilution analysis or quantitative PCR. Blood and major organs are also collected for a preliminary toxicology assessment.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of beta-Hederin are not well-characterized. As a triterpenoid saponin, it has a high molecular weight (MW ~ 735 Da) and is hydrophilic due to its sugar moiety. This results in poor oral bioavailability. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. When administered intravenously or intraperitoneally, it may have a short plasma half-life due to rapid distribution to tissues or excretion. It is likely to be highly bound to plasma proteins. It has been shown to cause hemolysis at higher concentrations, which is a major limiting factor for systemic development. Its metabolism is poorly understood, but the sugar moiety is likely cleaved by gut microbiota.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity of beta-Hederin is not fully characterized. As a saponin, its primary toxicity is hemolytic activity. It can lyse red blood cells by binding to cholesterol and disrupting the membrane. This is a major safety concern for systemic administration. In acute toxicity studies in mice, the intraperitoneal LD₅0 is likely in the range of 20-50 mg/kg, indicating a narrow therapeutic window. In the leishmaniasis model, it was well-tolerated at 10 mg/kg, but toxicity may be dose-limiting. It may also cause gastrointestinal irritation if administered orally. Standard safety precautions should be used when handling this compound. For research use only; not for human administration.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
β-Hydroxylin is a triterpenoid compound. It has been reported in Akebia quinata, Bluebell, and other organisms with relevant data.
beta-Hederin is not an approved drug. It is a natural product studied as a potential treatment for leishmaniasis and as an anticancer agent. Its mechanism involves disruption of the parasite membrane and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. While it shows potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Leishmania, its development is limited by its hemolytic toxicity. It remains a valuable research tool for drug discovery. No clinical trials have been registered for beta-hederin. For research use only; not for human therapeutic or diagnostic use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C41H66O11
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
734.95614
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| Exact Mass |
734.46
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| CAS # |
35790-95-5
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| PubChem CID |
441929
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
817.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
221-223ºC
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| Flash Point |
240.5±27.8 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.592
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| LogP |
4.9
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
52
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| Complexity |
1410
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
17
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](C(O1)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](COC2O[C@H]3CC[C@@]4(C)C(CC[C@]5(C)C4CC=C6C7CC(C)(C)CC[C@]7(CC[C@]65C)C(=O)O)C3(C)C)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
IBAJNOZMACNWJD-HVUPOBLPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C41H66O11/c1-21-28(43)30(45)31(46)33(50-21)52-32-29(44)24(42)20-49-34(32)51-27-12-13-38(6)25(37(27,4)5)11-14-40(8)26(38)10-9-22-23-19-36(2,3)15-17-41(23,35(47)48)18-16-39(22,40)7/h9,21,23-34,42-46H,10-20H2,1-8H3,(H,47,48)/t21-,23-,24-,25-,26+,27-,28-,29-,30+,31+,32+,33-,34-,38-,39+,40+,41-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.3606 mL | 6.8031 mL | 13.6062 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2721 mL | 1.3606 mL | 2.7212 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1361 mL | 0.6803 mL | 1.3606 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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