| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and kynurenine pathway enzymes. L-Kynurenine is an endogenous agonist of the AhR, a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in immune responses and xenobiotic metabolism. It is also a substrate for enzymes that produce downstream metabolites like kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
L-Kynurenine (non-labeled) is an endogenous AhR agonist and a central metabolite in the tryptophan catabolism pathway. It is produced from tryptophan by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). L-Kynurenine-d4 is used as an internal standard to quantify L-kynurenine in biological samples. |
| ln Vivo |
Not applicable for the deuterated compound. L-Kynurenine (non-labeled) has well-documented in vivo activities, including immunosuppressive effects via AhR activation and neuroactive properties via its conversion to kynurenic acid (an NMDA antagonist) and quinolinic acid (an NMDA agonist). L-Kynurenine-d4 is used as a tracer for these pathways.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A cell-free assay for L-Kynurenine involves the measurement of enzyme activity (e.g., kynurenine aminotransferase or kynureninase). Purified enzyme is incubated with L-Kynurenine (or other substrates) and cofactors, and product formation is quantified by HPLC or LC-MS. L-Kynurenine-d4 is used as an internal standard for mass spectrometry-based quantitation.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for L-Kynurenine involve measuring its effects on AhR activation. Cells (e.g., HepG2) are transfected with an AhR-responsive luciferase reporter and treated with L-Kynurenine. Luciferase activity is measured after 24 hours. Alternatively, IDO/TDO activity is measured by culturing immune cells or cancer cells and quantifying L-Kynurenine in the supernatant by LC-MS, using L-Kynurenine-d4 as an internal standard.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies for L-Kynurenine typically involve measuring its levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissues by LC-MS/MS, using L-Kynurenine-d4 as an internal standard. To study the kynurenine pathway, rodents are treated with an IDO inducer (e.g., LPS) or a TDO inhibitor, and blood samples are collected to quantify L-Kynurenine and its downstream metabolites.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Kynurenine-d4 is a stable isotope-labeled compound used as an internal standard for LC-MS/MS quantification of endogenous L-Kynurenine. Its deuterium labeling does not alter its chemical properties but allows for precise quantitation. The pharmacokinetics of L-Kynurenine itself involve rapid metabolism, with plasma concentrations typically in the low micromolar range.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Not reported for the labeled compound. The unlabeled L-Kynurenine is an endogenous metabolite; however, high concentrations can be neurotoxic via quinolinic acid production (an NMDA agonist) and immunosuppressive via AhR activation. Its role in cancer immune evasion (via IDO/TDO upregulation) is well-established.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
L-Kynurenine-d4 is a valuable chemical tool for studying the kynurenine pathway, a key regulator of immune responses in cancer, inflammation, and neurobiology. It serves as an ideal internal standard for LC-MS/MS assays, allowing researchers to accurately quantify L-Kynurenine levels in biological samples. The pathway is a major drug target, with IDO/TDO inhibitors being investigated for cancer immunotherapy and kynurenine aminotransferase inhibitors for neurological disorders. L-Kynurenine-d4 is crucial for understanding the role of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease.
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H12N2O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
208.21
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| Exact Mass |
212.109
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| CAS # |
2672568-86-2
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| Related CAS # |
L-Kynurenine;2922-83-0
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| PubChem CID |
162640434
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| Appearance |
White to light yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
-2.2
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
255
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C(C1C=C([H])C=C([H])C=1N)(=O)C([H])([H])[C@H](N)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
YGPSJZOEDVAXAB-LVQMRTGASA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H12N2O3/c11-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)9(13)5-8(12)10(14)15/h1-4,8H,5,11-12H2,(H,14,15)/t8-/m0/s1/i1D,4D,5D2
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-4-(2-amino-3,5-dideuteriophenyl)-3,3-dideuterio-4-oxobutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.8028 mL | 24.0142 mL | 48.0284 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8028 mL | 9.6057 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4803 mL | 2.4014 mL | 4.8028 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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