| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of β-Glucogallin is aldose reductase (AKR1B1), a key enzyme in the polyol pathway that converts glucose to sorbitol. Overactivity of aldose reductase leads to the accumulation of sorbitol in tissues, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications such as cataracts, neuropathy, and retinopathy. β-Glucogallin is a potent and specific inhibitor of AKR1B1, with an IC50 value of 17 µM. By inhibiting this enzyme, β-Glucogallin reduces glucose-induced sorbitol accumulation, thereby mitigating the osmotic and oxidative stress associated with diabetic complications. The compound's selectivity for AKR1B1 over other related enzymes makes it a valuable tool for studying the role of the polyol pathway in diabetes.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, β-Glucogallin has demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against aldose reductase (AKR1B1) with an IC50 of 17 µM. It inhibits glucose-induced sorbitol accumulation in various cell types. The compound also exhibits antioxidant properties, including free radical scavenging activity. In addition to its anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory properties, β-Glucogallin has been shown to protect cells from oxidative damage. The compound is soluble in DMSO and has a logP of -1.4, indicating high hydrophilicity. Its in vitro activity profile supports its potential as a therapeutic agent for diabetic complications and other conditions associated with oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-products.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, β-Glucogallin has been studied in a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human aldose reductase 2 (AKR1B1). At a concentration of 30 µM, the compound inhibited glucose-induced sorbitol accumulation in lenses isolated from these mice. This demonstrates its efficacy in a relevant in vivo model of diabetic complications. The compound's ability to reduce sorbitol levels in target tissues suggests that it could prevent or delay the onset of diabetic cataracts and other complications. However, detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in animal models are limited. Further in vivo research is needed to fully characterize its efficacy, safety, and therapeutic potential.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme assay for β-Glucogallin involves measuring the inhibition of aldose reductase (AKR1B1) activity. Recombinant human AKR1B1 enzyme is incubated with the substrate DL-glyceraldehyde and the cofactor NADPH in a suitable buffer system. Test compounds, including β-Glucogallin, are added at various concentrations. The reaction is initiated by the addition of the substrate, and the decrease in NADPH absorbance is monitored spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. The IC50 value is calculated by fitting dose-response curves to the inhibition data. This assay allows for the quantification of the compound's potency and selectivity against aldose reductase.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for β-Glucogallin typically use cell lines that express aldose reductase, such as lens epithelial cells or retinal cells. Cells are cultured in high-glucose medium to induce sorbitol accumulation, mimicking diabetic conditions. They are then treated with β-Glucogallin at various concentrations. After incubation, the intracellular sorbitol levels are measured using enzymatic or chromatographic methods. The compound's ability to reduce sorbitol accumulation and protect cells from oxidative stress is assessed. Cell viability and markers of oxidative stress may also be evaluated to determine the cytoprotective effects of β-Glucogallin.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for β-Glucogallin typically involve the use of rodent models of diabetes, such as streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats or transgenic mice overexpressing human aldose reductase. The compound is administered via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection at various doses. Following treatment, tissues such as the lens, retina, and sciatic nerve are collected to measure sorbitol levels. Blood glucose and other metabolic parameters are also monitored. The compound's ability to prevent or reverse diabetic complications, such as cataract formation or nerve conduction velocity deficits, is evaluated.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a small molecule, the pharmacokinetic properties of β-Glucogallin would depend on its physicochemical characteristics. The compound has a molecular weight of 332.26 g/mol, a logP of -1.4, and a hydrogen bond donor count of 7, indicating high hydrophilicity. It is soluble in DMSO and has limited solubility in water. The compound is stable as a powder at -20°C for up to 3 years and in solution at -80°C for up to 6 months. Its glycosidic linkage may affect its oral bioavailability and metabolic stability. Detailed ADME parameters such as half-life, bioavailability, and tissue distribution are not fully available in the public domain.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
There is no specific toxicity data reported for β-Glucogallin in the available literature. As a natural product and research chemical, it is generally considered safe at research doses. However, standard safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound. Toxicity studies, including acute and sub-chronic dosing in animal models, would be required if the compound were to be developed further for therapeutic applications. The compound is supplied with a purity of ≥98%.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose is a galloyl-β-D-glucose compound with a galloyl group at the 1-position. It is a gallic acid ester and also a galloyl-β-D-glucose. β-glucosinolate has been reported in tea (Camellia sinensis), oak (Quercus acutissima), and other organisms with relevant data.
β-Glucogallin is a natural compound extracted from Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry), a medicinal plant used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes. It is a gallotannin-class polyphenolic glycoside. The compound functions as a selective aldose reductase (AKR1B1) inhibitor and possesses free radical scavenging properties. It has been studied for its potential in treating diabetic complications, including cataracts, neuropathy, and retinopathy. β-Glucogallin has also demonstrated anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory properties. The compound is available as a research-grade chemical and is not approved for human therapeutic use. It is typically stored as a powder at -20°C. |
| Molecular Formula |
C13H16O10
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
332.26
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| Exact Mass |
332.074
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| CAS # |
13405-60-2
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| PubChem CID |
124021
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.85
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| Melting Point |
214℃
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| Vapour Pressure |
9.04E-23mmHg at 25°C
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| Source |
Originated from plants: Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica L.
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| LogP |
-1.4
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
7
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
10
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
406
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
GDVRUDXLQBVIKP-HQHREHCSSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H16O10/c14-3-7-9(18)10(19)11(20)13(22-7)23-12(21)4-1-5(15)8(17)6(16)2-4/h1-2,7,9-11,13-20H,3H2/t7-,9-,10+,11-,13+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~100 mg/mL (~301.0 mM; with ultrasonication)
H2O: ~4.2 mg/mL (~12.6 mM; with ultrasonication) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.52 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 and mix well; finally add 450 μL of physiological saline and adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.52 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline and mix well. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.52 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0097 mL | 15.0485 mL | 30.0969 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6019 mL | 3.0097 mL | 6.0194 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3010 mL | 1.5048 mL | 3.0097 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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