| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 is not primarily a pharmacologically active compound but rather a stable isotope-labeled internal standard. The non-deuterated parent compound L-palmitoylcarnitine targets the carnitine shuttle system in mitochondria: it is transported into mitochondria via carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT2) to deliver palmitate for fatty acid oxidation and energy production. It also inhibits lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rat plasma and increases intestinal absorption of certain drugs.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
L-Palmitoylcarnitine (non-deuterated) has been shown to inhibit lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rat plasma when used at a concentration of 500 uM. It also increases the intestinal absorption of the antibiotic cefoxitin in rat intestine. The compound activates the Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, the deuterated form (L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3) is used as an analytical standard and not typically studied for biological activity. |
| ln Vivo |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine (non-deuterated) is a long-chain acylcarnitine that accumulates in the sarcolemma during ischemia and disrupts the membrane lipid environment. In vivo, palmitoyl-L-carnitine increases intestinal absorption of cefoxitin in rat intestine. However, the deuterated compound L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 hydrochloride is used as an internal standard for analytical quantification and is not typically administered for efficacy studies.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The primary use of L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 hydrochloride is as an internal standard for LC-MS or GC-MS quantification. Non-deuterated L-palmitoylcarnitine can be studied in enzyme assays: For LCAT inhibition assays, rat plasma is incubated with radiolabeled cholesterol and L-palmitoylcarnitine (0-500 uM). After incubation, cholesterol esters are extracted and separated by TLC, and radioactivity is quantified. For carnitine palmitoyltransferase assays, mitochondria are isolated from tissues, and enzyme activity is measured using radiolabeled palmitoyl-CoA and L-carnitine.
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| Cell Assay |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 hydrochloride is not typically used in cell-based assays because it is intended as an analytical standard. For biological studies of the non-deuterated parent compound, cells such as hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, or intestinal epithelial cells can be treated with L-palmitoylcarnitine (1-100 uM) for 1-24 hours. Effects on fatty acid oxidation can be measured by 14CO2 production from radiolabeled palmitate. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay. Cytotoxicity is observed at high concentrations (>100 uM) due to detergent-like effects.
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| Animal Protocol |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 hydrochloride is not typically used for in vivo animal studies as a test article, as it is intended as an analytical standard. For studies using non-deuterated L-palmitoylcarnitine, the compound can be administered via intravenous injection (1-10 mg/kg) or by intraduodenal administration (50-100 mg/kg). For cefoxitin absorption studies, L-palmitoylcarnitine (100 mg/kg) is co-administered with cefoxitin, and plasma cefoxitin levels are measured by HPLC. Blood, tissue, or urine samples are collected for fatty acid analysis.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 hydrochloride is a stable isotope-labeled compound used as an analytical standard; pharmacokinetic studies are not typically performed for the compound itself. The non-deuterated parent compound is an endogenous metabolite. For analytical applications, the compound is spiked into biological samples (plasma, urine, tissue homogenates) at known concentrations. Standard curves are generated by plotting the peak area ratio of L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 to palmitoyl-L-carnitine against concentration. The compound is typically stored at -20degC, protected from light and moisture.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine (non-deuterated) at high concentrations (>100 uM) can disrupt membrane lipid environments and is cytotoxic due to its detergent-like properties. It accumulates in the sarcolemma during ischemia and contributes to membrane dysfunction. However, L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 hydrochloride is used at low concentrations (ng/mL to ug/mL range) as an internal standard and is not expected to be toxic at those levels. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be taken when handling the compound.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d3 hydrochloride is a research tool and internal standard for analytical chemistry. It is not approved for clinical use and has no therapeutic indications. The compound is used to accurately quantify palmitoyl-L-carnitine levels in biological samples by mass spectrometry, aiding studies of fatty acid metabolism, carnitine shuttle function, and metabolic disorders. The three deuterium atoms on the N-methyl group provide a mass shift of +3 Da relative to the non-deuterated compound. The compound should be stored at -20degC in a sealed container, protected from light and moisture.
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| Molecular Formula |
C23H43D3CLNO4
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| Molecular Weight |
439.09
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| Exact Mass |
438.33
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| CAS # |
1334532-26-1
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| Related CAS # |
L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride;18877-64-0
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| PubChem CID |
131872269
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
20
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| Heavy Atom Count |
29
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| Complexity |
404
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
[2H]C([2H])([2H])[N+](C)(C)C[C@@H](CC(=O)O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.[Cl-]
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| InChi Key |
GAMKNLFIHBMGQT-HZBHYVOGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C23H45NO4.ClH/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-23(27)28-21(19-22(25)26)20-24(2,3)4;/h21H,5-20H2,1-4H3;1H/t21-;/m1./s1/i2D3;
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| Chemical Name |
[(2R)-3-carboxy-2-hexadecanoyloxypropyl]-dimethyl-(trideuteriomethyl)azanium;chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.2774 mL | 11.3872 mL | 22.7744 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4555 mL | 2.2774 mL | 4.5549 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2277 mL | 1.1387 mL | 2.2774 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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