Peptidease secreted by P. aeruginosa is inhibited by preprelestat (4 and 8 μM)[3]. In U937 cells, tiprelestat (10 μg/mL, 1 h) inhibits the production of MCP-1 induced by LPS[4]. In U937 cells, tiprelestat (10 μg/mL, 1 h) suppresses LPS-induced AP-1 and NF-κB activation[4].

Intranasal inhalation of 1 mg/kg of preprelestat inhibits both apoptosis and lung elastase activity in MV-O2 mice[2]. In mice with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, tiprelestat (0.2 mg/kg, sc for 2 weeks) reduces the condition[5].

Western Blot Analysis[4]
Cell Types: U937 cells
Tested Concentrations: 10 μg/mL
Incubation Duration: 1 h
Experimental Results: Prevented LPS -induced degradation of IκBα, IκBβ, and IRAK.

Animal/Disease Models: Mice, treated with Mechanical ventilation with O2-rich gas[2]
Doses: 1 mg/kg
Route of Administration: Intranasal inhalation
Experimental Results: Increased the lung abundance of nuclear Klf4 protein.

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Animal/Disease Models: Su/Hx rat model[5]
Doses: 0.2 mg /kg
Route of Administration: subcutaneous (sc) injection (sc), daily for 2 weeks.
Experimental Results: decreased elastase activity and reversed pulmonary hypertension.

[1]. Elafin inhibits obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet-treated male mice. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 30;10(1):12785.

[2]. Elafin Treatment Rescues EGFR-Klf4 Signaling and Lung Cell Survival in Ventilated Newborn Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2018 Nov;59(5):623-634.

[3]. Human pre-elafin inhibits a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-secreted peptidase and prevents its proliferation in complex media. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Feb;52(2):483-90.

[4]. Elafin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation via an effect on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 17;281(46):34730-5.

[5]. Elafin Reverses Pulmonary Hypertension via Caveolin-1-Dependent Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Jun 1;191(11):1273-86.

Elafin is a human protein that is produced naturally in the skin, lung and breast, protecting the respective tissue from destruction by the immune system. Elafin’s ability to block the activity of destructive enzymes that are involved in inflammatory reactions makes it a highly promising active compound for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases or severe reperfusion injuries occurring after heart attacks, serious injuries and organ transplantation. The excellent tolerability of Elafin in human subjects was demonstrated in a Phase I clinical single dose escalating study.
A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.

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Drug Indication
Investigated for use/treatment in inflammatory disorders (unspecified).
Treatment of oesophageal carcinoma

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Mechanism of Action
Elafin is able to abrogate lipopolysaccharide-induced production of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in monocytes by inhibiting AP-1 and NFkappaB activation. Due to its selective expression at mucosal surfaces as well as in alveolar macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils, the ability of Elafin to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide signaling pathway may be important in disease states such as cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The inhibition of two key inflammatory pathways confirms the importance of Elafin as a mediator of the innate immune response.

C254H416N72O75S10

5999.10828495026

5996.822

820211-82-3

44201346

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

-25.6

74

93

115

411

15200

58

CC[C@H](C)[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H]4CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N5CCC[C@H]5C(=O)N6CCC[C@H]6C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N3)CCCNC(=N)N)CC(=O)N)CC(=O)N)CC(C)C)CCSC)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H]7CCCN7C(=O)[C@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N4)CO)CCC(=O)O)NC2=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H]8CCCN8C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]9CCCN9C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]2CCCN2C(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)N)[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)CC)CC(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)CCCNC(=N)N)CCSC)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)O)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)NCC(=O)N1)CC(=O)O)[C@@H](C)O)CC(=O)O)CCCCN)CC(C)C)CCCCN)CCCCN

MDCUNMLZLNGCQA-HWOAGHQOSA-N

InChI=1S/C254H416N72O75S10/c1-28-129(17)195-239(387)288-142(60-38-43-85-258)208(356)283-141(59-37-42-84-257)210(358)306-168-120-407-406-119-167-228(376)294-152(99-123(5)6)215(363)284-140(58-36-41-83-256)209(357)296-158(106-191(347)348)221(369)317-200(137(25)331)244(392)299-157(105-190(345)346)218(366)308-169(248(396)321-91-49-65-172(321)231(379)274-110-186(339)310-195)121-410-408-117-165(227(375)295-155(102-138-55-33-32-34-56-138)220(368)313-194(128(15)16)251(399)325-95-53-68-175(325)232(380)292-151(252(400)401)73-77-180(262)333)302-203(351)135(23)276-207(355)147(80-97-402-26)278-183(336)107-272-206(354)163-115-404-405-116-164(225(373)277-134(22)202(350)282-148(81-98-403-27)214(362)293-153(100-124(7)8)216(364)300-159(104-182(264)335)247(395)326-96-54-71-178(326)250(398)324-94-52-67-174(324)233(381)297-156(103-181(263)334)217(365)285-143(211(359)305-167)62-45-87-269-253(265)266)304-212(360)144(63-46-88-270-254(267)268)289-240(388)196(130(18)29-2)314-219(367)154(101-125(9)10)298-241(389)197(131(19)30-3)316-242(390)198(132(20)31-4)315-236(384)177-70-51-93-323(177)249(397)170(122-411-409-118-166(307-229(168)377)226(374)286-145(74-78-188(341)342)205(353)271-108-184(337)279-160(112-327)222(370)303-163)309-223(371)161(113-328)280-185(338)109-273-230(378)171-64-48-90-320(171)245(393)149(61-39-44-86-259)291-243(391)199(136(24)330)318-224(372)162(114-329)301-238(386)193(127(13)14)311-234(382)173-66-47-89-319(173)187(340)111-275-204(352)139(57-35-40-82-255)287-237(385)192(126(11)12)312-235(383)176-69-50-92-322(176)246(394)150(75-79-189(343)344)290-213(361)146(72-76-179(261)332)281-201(349)133(21)260/h32-34,55-56,123-137,139-178,192-200,327-331H,28-31,35-54,57-122,255-260H2,1-27H3,(H2,261,332)(H2,262,333)(H2,263,334)(H2,264,335)(H,271,353)(H,272,354)(H,273,378)(H,274,379)(H,275,352)(H,276,355)(H,277,373)(H,278,336)(H,279,337)(H,280,338)(H,281,349)(H,282,350)(H,283,356)(H,284,363)(H,285,365)(H,286,374)(H,287,385)(H,288,387)(H,289,388)(H,290,361)(H,291,391)(H,292,380)(H,293,362)(H,294,376)(H,295,375)(H,296,357)(H,297,381)(H,298,389)(H,299,392)(H,300,364)(H,301,386)(H,302,351)(H,303,370)(H,304,360)(H,305,359)(H,306,358)(H,307,377)(H,308,366)(H,309,371)(H,310,339)(H,311,382)(H,312,383)(H,313,368)(H,314,367)(H,315,384)(H,316,390)(H,317,369)(H,318,372)(H,341,342)(H,343,344)(H,345,346)(H,347,348)(H,400,401)(H4,265,266,269)(H4,267,268,270)/t129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136+,137+,139-,140-,141-,142-,143-,144-,145-,146-,147-,148-,149-,150-,151-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-,157-,158-,159-,160-,161-,162-,163-,164-,165-,166-,167-,168-,169-,170-,171-,172-,173-,174-,175-,176-,177-,178-,192-,193-,194-,195-,196-,197-,198-,199-,200-/m0/s1

(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(1R,4S,4aS,7S,7aS,10S,10aS,13aR,16S,20aS,22S,23aS,25S,26aS,28S,29aS,31S,32aS,34R,37S,40S,43S,46S,49S,52S,58R,63R,66S,72S,75R,81S,84S,87R,92R,98S)-58-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-7a,10a,23a-tris(4-aminobutyl)-7,22-bis(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-4a,40,46,49-tetrakis[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-4,37-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-66-(2-carboxyethyl)-26a,32a-bis(carboxymethyl)-29a-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-72-(hydroxymethyl)-31,84-dimethyl-20a,25,43-tris(2-methylpropyl)-28,81-bis(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-2a,3,5a,6,8a,9,11a,15,18a,21,21a,24,24a,27,27a,30,30a,33,33a,35a,36,39,42,45,48,51,57,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,93,99-heptatriacontaoxo-15a,16a,38a,39a,60,61,89,90-octathia-a,2,3a,5,6a,8,9a,12a,14,19a,20,22a,23,25a,26,28a,29,31a,32,34a,35,36a,38,41,44,47,50,56,65,68,71,74,77,80,83,86,94-heptatriacontazaoctacyclo[90.25.17.434,75.263,113.010,14.016,20.052,56.094,98]tetracontahectane-87-carbonyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)