| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), including nitrogen dioxide (NO2); Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis pathway. (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol traps and detoxifies reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS) such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), acting as a potent RNOS scavenger. It also reduces the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced by LPS and IL-1beta, indicating that it targets the COX-2/PGE2 pathway and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. As a form of vitamin E, it also acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals (LOO•).
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Endogenous metabolites are those that the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes has identified as products or substrates of the approximately 1900 metabolic enzymes that are encoded in human genome. Numerous of these metabolites have been shown to have harmful effects, as evidenced by the body of literature [1].
In vitro, (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol (1-100 uM) traps and detoxifies reactive nitrogen oxide species, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in cell-free assays, demonstrating potent RNOS-scavenging activity. It also reduces the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced by LPS and IL-1beta in macrophages, indicating anti-inflammatory activity. It exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals and protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. Compared to alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol is more effective at trapping RNOS but less effective as an antioxidant against certain ROS. It also shows antiproliferative effects in some cancer cell lines. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol acts as a dietary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It traps reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), reduces oxidative stress, and lowers the production of inflammatory mediators such as PGE2. In animal models, gamma-tocopherol supplementation has been shown to reduce inflammation, protect against oxidative damage, and inhibit cancer development (e.g., prostate cancer, colon cancer). It may also have cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects. However, the biological activity of gamma-tocopherol is generally lower than that of alpha-tocopherol in terms of vitamin E activity (the ability to prevent fetal resorption), but it has distinct RNOS-scavenging properties that are not shared by alpha-tocopherol. It is an endogenous metabolite that is normally present in the body and obtained from dietary sources (e.g., vegetable oils, nuts, seeds).
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro RNOS scavenging assay: Prepare (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol in ethanol or DMSO at various concentrations (0.1-100 uM). Generate nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or other RNOS using a chemical generator (e.g., SIN-1 or diethylamine NONOate). Add the compound to the RNOS-containing solution. Measure the remaining RNOS by using a fluorescent probe such as DAF-FM (for NO) or by measuring nitrite levels via the Griess reaction. Alternatively, measure the formation of nitrotyrosine (a marker of RNOS-mediated protein damage) by ELISA. (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol should reduce RNOS levels in a concentration-dependent manner.
|
| Cell Assay |
For anti-inflammatory studies, culture macrophages (e.g., RAW 264.7 cells) in 96-well plates. Treat cells with (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol (1-100 uM) for 1-2 hours. Then stimulate with LPS (1 ug/mL) and/or IL-1beta (10 ng/mL) for 6-24 hours. Measure PGE2 levels in the culture supernatant by ELISA. Measure pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta) by ELISA or qPCR. Measure nitric oxide (NO) production by Griess reagent. (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol should reduce PGE2, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NO levels in a concentration-dependent manner. For antioxidant studies, treat cells with the compound and then expose them to an oxidant (e.g., H2O2 or lipid peroxide). Measure lipid peroxidation (MDA/TBARS) and cell viability (MTT).
|
| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo anti-inflammatory studies, administer (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol to animals (e.g., mice, rats) by oral gavage (e.g., 50-200 mg/kg/day) in a vehicle such as corn oil. For a LPS-induced systemic inflammation model, treat animals with (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol for 7-14 days, then inject LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce inflammation. Collect blood 2-6 hours after LPS, measure plasma levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and PGE2 by ELISA. For an acute lung injury (ALI) model, administer (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol for 7 days, then intratracheally instill LPS. Measure bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytokine levels, inflammatory cell counts, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. For chronic inflammation models (e.g., colitis, arthritis), administer (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol for 4-8 weeks and assess disease severity, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress markers.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol: Molecular formula C2₈H4₈O2. Molecular weight: 416.68 g/mol (unlabeled). Appearance: Light yellow to amber viscous oil or solid. Purity: ≥95%. Solubility: Soluble in chloroform, ethanol, hexane, methanol, and oils; insoluble in water. Storage: Store at -20degC under inert atmosphere (argon or nitrogen) to prevent oxidation; protect from light. It is supplied as a solution in hexane or as a neat oil. The compound is racemic (all-rac-gamma-tocopherol) or DL-gamma-tocopherol. It is also known as 7,8-Dimethyltocol and is a form of vitamin E. For research use only.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
(+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E with a well-established safety profile. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a dietary supplement and food additive. High doses (e.g., >1000 mg/day) may cause mild gastrointestinal disturbances or increased bleeding risk (due to vitamin E's anticoagulant effects). The compound has low acute toxicity; the oral LD₅0 in rats is >5000 mg/kg. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the pure compound: wear appropriate personal protective equipment (lab coat, gloves, safety glasses), avoid contact with skin/eyes, and wash hands thoroughly after handling. Protect from light and air to prevent oxidation. Not for human therapeutic use without proper formulation and approval. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for detailed safety information. For research use only.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
α-Tocopherol is a pale yellow, viscous liquid. (NTP, 1992)
Tocopherol has been reported in Walsura yunnanensis, Punica granatum, and other organisms with relevant data. Tocopherol is a collective term for a class of closely related lipids containing substituents on a 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol core and possessing long hydrocarbon chains composed of isoprene units. They exhibit antioxidant activity due to the presence of phenolic hydroxyl hydrogens. Tocopherol reacts with the most reactive oxygen molecules and protects unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation. See also: Tocopherol (note moved here). (+/-)-gamma-Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Unlike alpha-tocopherol (the most abundant form in the body), gamma-tocopherol traps and detoxifies reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in cell-free assays. It also reduces the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced by LPS and IL-1beta. gamma-Tocopherol is found in vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, corn oils), nuts, and seeds. It is an endogenous metabolite and is used in research on oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cancer prevention, and aging. The (+/-)-form is the racemic mixture of the natural and unnatural enantiomers. The compound is also known as all-rac-gamma-Tocopherol and DL-gamma-Tocopherol. For research use only; not for human therapeutic use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C28H48O2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
416.68
|
| Exact Mass |
416.365
|
| CAS # |
7616-22-0
|
| PubChem CID |
14986
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| Melting Point |
36.5 to 38.3 °F (NTP, 1992)
|
| LogP |
8.531
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
12
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
30
|
| Complexity |
475
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1(C)CCc2cc(O)c(C)c(C)c2O1
|
| InChi Key |
QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C28H48O2/c1-20(2)11-8-12-21(3)13-9-14-22(4)15-10-17-28(7)18-16-25-19-26(29)23(5)24(6)27(25)30-28/h19-22,29H,8-18H2,1-7H3
|
| Chemical Name |
2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3999 mL | 11.9996 mL | 23.9992 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4800 mL | 2.3999 mL | 4.7998 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2400 mL | 1.2000 mL | 2.3999 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
