| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite Human Endogenous Metabolite
Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV); Formate is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production. Formic acid ammonium salt is the simplest carboxylic acid; formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism and is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport. As a buffer and mobile phase additive, it does not have a specific drug target but is a chemical reagent. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Ammonium formate (1-100 mM) is used as a volatile buffer in LC-MS mobile phases to improve peak shape and ionization efficiency. In cell-free systems, it acts as a source of formate and can be used to study formate metabolism and its effects on cytochrome c oxidase activity. Formate is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), disrupting mitochondrial electron transport. In biochemical assays, ammonium formate is also used as a reducing agent in palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions. It is not typically tested for biological activity in cell-free enzyme assays as a test compound but rather serves as a reagent or buffer component.
|
| ln Vivo |
Ammonium formate is an endogenous metabolite that plays a role in normal metabolism. Formate is an intermediate in one-carbon metabolism and is produced from methanol or from the catabolism of certain amino acids. At high concentrations, formate can cause metabolic acidosis and disrupt mitochondrial electron transport by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase. Formate toxicity is observed in methanol poisoning, where formate accumulation leads to metabolic acidosis and ocular and neurological damage. In research settings, ammonium formate is not used as a therapeutic agent but rather as a buffer and chemical reagent.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
Ammonium formate is used as a mobile phase additive and buffer in LC-MS and HPLC. For LC-MS analysis, prepare a 2-10 mM solution of ammonium formate in water, adjust pH to 2.5-5.5 with formic acid, and mix with acetonitrile or methanol as the mobile phase. For sample preparation, ammonium formate can be used as a volatile buffer in protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction (SPE). For biological studies, prepare solutions of ammonium formate in water or PBS at concentrations ranging from 1-100 mM. To study formate metabolism, incubate cells or tissues with 13C-labeled formate (ammonium 13C-formate) and analyze downstream metabolites by LC-MS/MS. The compound is also used as an eluent in ion exchange chromatography and as a reducing agent in chemical synthesis.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based studies, ammonium formate is not typically used as a test compound but rather as a buffer or reagent. To study formate metabolism or toxicity, culture cells in appropriate medium. Treat cells with ammonium formate at concentrations ranging from 1-50 mM for 1-24 hours. Formate can be taken up by cells and metabolized via the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Measure cell viability by MTT or CCK-8 assay to assess formate toxicity. Measure formate levels in cell culture supernatants or cell lysates by LC-MS/MS using a derivatization method (e.g., with benzyl alcohol or pentafluorobenzyl bromide). Monitor the conversion of formate into other one-carbon intermediates (e.g., formyl-THF, serine, methionine). This is useful for studying formate metabolism in the context of cancer, mitochondrial diseases, and methanol poisoning.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo studies, ammonium formate is not typically administered to animals as a test compound due to its toxicity at high doses. However, to study formate metabolism or toxicity, animals (e.g., rats) can be administered formate or its precursors (e.g., methanol). In a methanol poisoning model, animals are administered methanol (e.g., 3-5 g/kg, oral), which is metabolized to formaldehyde and then to formate. Blood formate levels are measured by enzymatic assay or LC-MS. Formate accumulation leads to metabolic acidosis and ocular toxicity. To study formate metabolism, administer 13C-labeled formate (e.g., ammonium 13C-formate, 10-50 mg/kg, i.p.) and collect blood and tissues at multiple time points. Analyze formate and downstream metabolites by LC-MS/MS. This allows quantification of formate clearance, oxidation to CO2, and incorporation into one-carbon metabolism pathways.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Ammonium formate: Molecular formula CH₅NO2 (CH3NO2? Actually CH₅NO2). Molecular weight: 63.06 g/mol. Appearance: White solid (crystalline) with a weak odor of ammonia. Melting point: 119-121degC. Solubility: Soluble in water (1-5 g/mL). Storage: Store at room temperature, keep dry and cool. In solution, store at -80degC for 2 years; at -20degC for 1 year. It is a stable compound under normal conditions. It is also known as Formic acid ammonium salt, Ammonium salt of formic acid. The compound is an endogenous metabolite and is also used as a buffer and chemical reagent. For research use only.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Ammonium formate has low toxicity at typical buffer concentrations (2-10 mM). At high doses, formate is toxic due to its inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) and disruption of mitochondrial electron transport, leading to metabolic acidosis and organ damage. Formate toxicity is well-known in the context of methanol poisoning. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the pure compound: wear appropriate personal protective equipment (lab coat, gloves, safety glasses), avoid inhalation of powder and contact with skin/eyes, wash hands thoroughly after handling. It is a mild skin and eye irritant. Not for human therapeutic use. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for detailed safety information. For research use only.
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| Additional Infomation |
Ammonium formate is a white solid with a slightly ammonia-like odor. It sinks to the bottom of water and mixes slowly. (US Coast Guard, 1999) Ammonium formate is the ammonium salt of formic acid. It is a buffer. Its function is related to that of formic acid.
Ammonium formate is the ammonium salt of formic acid, the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism and is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV). It is widely used as a volatile buffer in LC-MS and HPLC mobile phases to improve peak shape and ionization efficiency, particularly in peptide and protein analysis. The compound is also used as a reducing agent in palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions and as a source of formate in chemical synthesis. Ammonium formate is an endogenous metabolite and is supplied as a white solid for research and analytical applications. For research use only; not for therapeutic use. |
| Molecular Formula |
CH5NO2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
63.06
|
| Exact Mass |
63.032
|
| CAS # |
540-69-2
|
| Related CAS # |
64-18-6 (Parent)
|
| PubChem CID |
2723923
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.26 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
|
| Boiling Point |
100.6ºC at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
241 °F (USCG, 1999)
; 116 °C
; 116 °C
|
| Flash Point |
29.9ºC
|
| LogP |
0.66
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
4
|
| Complexity |
7.5
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
C(=O)[O-].[NH4+]
|
| InChi Key |
VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/CH2O2.H3N/c2-1-3;/h1H,(H,2,3);1H3
|
| Chemical Name |
azanium;formate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 15.8579 mL | 79.2896 mL | 158.5791 mL | |
| 5 mM | 3.1716 mL | 15.8579 mL | 31.7158 mL | |
| 10 mM | 1.5858 mL | 7.9290 mL | 15.8579 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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