| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
Hemocyanin does not have a conventional pharmacological target as it is a protein rather than a drug. Its biological function is oxygen transport in invertebrates. However, hemocyanin is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. These activities suggest it interacts with various components of the immune system, though specific molecular targets are not definitively identified. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, hemocyanin exhibits phenoloxidase activity, which is involved in the melanization response in invertebrates. It also demonstrates antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities in various in vitro assays. These activities are attributed to its copper-containing structure and its ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Hemocyanin is also used as a carrier protein in immunology, particularly as a hapten carrier for antibody production.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, hemocyanin functions as an oxygen transport protein in the hemolymph of mollusks and arthropods. It is involved in transporting oxygen to tissues and is important for the respiration of many invertebrates, particularly in marine environments. It also serves as an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule. In research settings, hemocyanin from keyhole limpets (KLH) is widely used as an immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant in animal models.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays with hemocyanin typically measure its phenoloxidase activity, which involves the oxidation of phenolic substrates to quinones. The assay involves incubating hemocyanin with substrates such as L-DOPA or dopamine in appropriate buffer at 25-37°C, and monitoring the formation of colored products by spectrophotometry at 490 nm. The activity can be inhibited by copper chelators such as EDTA or specific inhibitors. These assays provide insights into the enzymatic properties and immune functions of hemocyanin.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture experiments with hemocyanin typically involve treating immune cells (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells) with the protein to study its immunostimulatory effects. Cells are cultured with hemocyanin at various concentrations for 24-72 hours, and endpoints include assessment of cytokine production (ELISA), cell proliferation, activation markers (flow cytometry), and phagocytic activity. Hemocyanin is also used as a carrier protein in hapten-specific antibody production, where cells are exposed to hapten-hemocyanin conjugates.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with hemocyanin typically involve using it as an immunostimulant or vaccine adjuvant. Animals (e.g., mice, rabbits) are immunized with hemocyanin or hemocyanin-conjugated antigens, and immune responses are evaluated by measuring antibody titers, cytokine levels, and cellular immune responses. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is widely used as a model antigen for studying T-cell dependent immune responses. Hemocyanin is also used in studies of invertebrate physiology and immunology.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of hemocyanin are relevant to its use as a therapeutic protein or vaccine adjuvant. As a large protein (molecular weight up to several million Da), it is not absorbed orally and is typically administered by injection. It has a long half-life in circulation due to its large size, and it is taken up by antigen-presenting cells, which contributes to its immunostimulatory effects. In research, it is used as a model antigen and carrier protein.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Hemocyanin has a low toxicity profile in research applications. It is a naturally occurring protein in invertebrates and is generally well-tolerated when used as an immunostimulant or vaccine adjuvant. Allergic reactions are possible in sensitized individuals. In laboratory settings, standard biosafety practices are sufficient for handling. It is not considered a hazardous substance. Comprehensive toxicology studies have been conducted in the context of its use as a vaccine adjuvant and immunotherapeutic agent.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Hemocyanin from the keyhole limpet is an immunomodulator that can be used as a vaccine to help the body fight cancer. It is a natural protein isolated from the marine mollusc, the keyhole limpet. Hemocyanin is an immunogenic carrier protein that enhances the antigenic immune response to haptens and other weak antigens, such as idiotype proteins, in vivo. (NCI04) Metalloproteins function as oxygen transport proteins in the hemolymph of mollusks and arthropods. They are characterized by two copper atoms coordinated to histidine residues, reversibly binding a single oxygen molecule; they do not contain heme groups.
Pharmacological Indications Studied for the treatment of bladder cancer and solid tumors. Mechanism of Action Keyhole hemocyanin (KLH) is generally a very effective conjugating agent. It is the most commonly used carrier protein in the preparation of hapten conjugates. KLH consists of five subunits. It is rich in lysine and contains a large amount of available primary amines, which promote conjugation, antibody production, and peptide linking after dissociation. Hemocyanin is a naturally occurring copper-containing respiratory protein found in the hemolymph of mollusks and arthropods. It functions as an oxygen transport protein and is an important non-specific innate immune defense molecule with phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is widely used in immunology as a carrier protein for haptens and as a vaccine adjuvant. It is not a drug but is used in research applications including immunology, vaccine development, and cancer immunotherapy. It is available for laboratory research use only. |
| Exact Mass |
1020.893
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|---|---|
| CAS # |
9013-72-3
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| PubChem CID |
168009928
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| Appearance |
Off-white to gray solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
9
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
54
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| Heavy Atom Count |
72
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| Complexity |
898
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(C)O.CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(C)CO.CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(C)C(=O)OCCO
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| InChi Key |
NECYLMLMGRVXJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/3C21H40O3/c1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-20(2)21(23)24-19-18-22;1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-21(23)24-19-20(2)22;1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-21(23)24-20(2)19-22/h3*10-11,20,22H,3-9,12-19H2,1-2H3
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| Chemical Name |
2-hydroxyethyl 2-methyloctadec-9-enoate;1-hydroxypropan-2-yl octadec-9-enoate;2-hydroxypropyl octadec-9-enoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT07473752
Conditions:Phase 1 First-in-human Study Involving Healthy SubjectsLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05845996
Conditions:Healthy VolunteersLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00019097
Conditions:Stage II Multiple Myeloma|Stage III Multiple Myeloma|Refractory Plasma Cell Neoplasm
Title:Vaccine Therapy Plus Sargramostim Following Chemotherapy in Treating Stage III or Stage IV Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Status:Completed
updateDate:2023-12-27
Ctid:NCT00004198
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004198
Conditions:LymphomaLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00006478
Conditions:LymphomaLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004197
Conditions:LymphomaLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02754362
Conditions:Glioblastoma|GliomaLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00369291
Conditions:Germ Cell Tumor|Leukemia|Lymphoma|Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell NeoplasmLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00282308
Conditions:Rheumatoid ArthritisLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00536120
Conditions:Multiple SclerosisLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02079480
Conditions:Healthy Adult VolunteersLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00093522
Conditions:Kidney CancerLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00017290
Conditions:LymphomaLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004249
Conditions:Lung CancerLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00006034
Conditions:Bladder CancerLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00091143
Conditions:Melanoma (Skin)Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00003638
Conditions:Breast CancerLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00003819
Conditions:Prostate CancerProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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