| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Urea-13C,15N2 does not have a specific pharmacological target as it is a stable isotope-labeled tracer. Urea itself is a powerful protein denaturant that acts through both direct and indirect mechanisms. In biological systems, urea is involved in nitrogen metabolism and excretion. The labeled form is used as a tracer to study the urea cycle, nitrogen metabolism, and renal function. Its "target" in research is the metabolic pathways involving urea and nitrogen balance.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
In vitro activity of Urea-13C,15N2 is measured as its utility as a tracer in metabolic studies. In cell-free systems, urea is known to denature proteins at high concentrations. The labeled compound can be used in protein denaturation studies with the isotope labels allowing for mass spectrometry analysis. Its activity in biochemical assays is primarily as a probe for studying protein structure, nitrogen metabolism, and the mechanisms of urea action. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Urea-13C,15N2 is used to study nitrogen metabolism and renal function. Urea is a physiological regulator of nitrogen excretion in mammals, synthesized in the liver as an end-product of protein catabolism and excreted in urine. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is used to assess renal function. The dual-labeled compound serves as a tracer to study urea kinetics, distribution, and clearance, as well as nitrogen flux through the urea cycle. It enhances the understanding of urea's role in biological processes and is used in research on renal function and metabolic disorders.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays with Urea-13C,15N2 typically involve studying urease, the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The assay involves incubating urease with the labeled urea in appropriate buffer at 37°C, and monitoring the release of labeled ammonia (15NH3) and carbon dioxide (13CO2) by mass spectrometry. The kinetics of the reaction can be followed by measuring the disappearance of the substrate or the appearance of products. This approach allows for mechanistic studies of urease activity and the investigation of enzyme inhibitors.
|
| Cell Assay |
Urea-13C,15N2 is not typically used in standard cell culture experiments as a bioactive compound. However, it may be employed in studies of urea transport and metabolism in cell lines. Cells such as renal epithelial cells can be cultured with the labeled compound to study urea transporter function and expression. Cells are treated with the labeled urea, and intracellular and extracellular urea levels are measured by mass spectrometry. These experiments provide insights into urea handling by cells and the role of urea transporters.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with Urea-13C,15N2 typically involve administering the labeled compound via oral gavage, intravenous injection, or intraperitoneal injection to rodents or other animal models. Blood, urine, and tissue samples are collected at various time points, and isotopic enrichment of urea and its metabolites (ammonia, CO2) is measured by mass spectrometry. The dual labeling allows for simultaneous tracking of both carbon and nitrogen, providing comprehensive data on urea kinetics, distribution volume, clearance rates, and nitrogen metabolism.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Urea-13C,15N2 are essentially identical to those of natural urea. Urea is a small, highly water-soluble molecule that is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout total body water. It is primarily excreted by the kidneys through glomerular filtration, with some tubular reabsorption. The plasma half-life of urea in humans is approximately 2-4 hours under normal conditions. The isotope labels do not significantly alter its PK properties, making it an ideal tracer for studying urea kinetics and renal function.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Urea-13C,15N2 has a low toxicity profile consistent with natural urea. Urea itself is a normal component of mammalian metabolism and is generally safe at physiological concentrations. At high concentrations, urea can act as a protein denaturant. As a stable isotope-labeled compound, the 13C and 15N labels do not introduce additional toxicity. Standard laboratory safety practices are sufficient for handling. It is not classified as a hazardous substance and is used in research applications including mass spectrometry.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Urea-13C,15N2 is a research-grade stable isotope-labeled compound used primarily as a tracer in metabolic and clinical research. Its applications include studying urea metabolism, the urea cycle, nitrogen balance, and renal function. It is also used as an internal standard in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Urea itself is a potent protein denaturant, an emollient, a keratolytic agent, and a diuretic. The labeled form is not a drug and has no therapeutic indications. It is available for laboratory research use only.
|
| Molecular Formula |
13CH415N2O
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
63.03
|
| Exact Mass |
63.029
|
| CAS # |
58069-83-3
|
| Related CAS # |
Urea;57-13-6
|
| PubChem CID |
16213489
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.212g/cm3
|
| Melting Point |
132-135ºC(lit.)
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.468
|
| LogP |
0.424
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
4
|
| Complexity |
29
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
[15NH2][13C]([15NH2])=O
|
| InChi Key |
XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-VMIGTVKRSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4)/i1+1,2+1,3+1
|
| Chemical Name |
bis(15N)(azanyl)(113C)methanone
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 250 mg/mL (3966.37 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 15.8655 mL | 79.3273 mL | 158.6546 mL | |
| 5 mM | 3.1731 mL | 15.8655 mL | 31.7309 mL | |
| 10 mM | 1.5865 mL | 7.9327 mL | 15.8655 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
