| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Acetylcarnitine primarily targets mitochondria and is involved in the carnitine shuttle system, which transports fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane via carnitine acyltransferases. It also acts as an acetyl group donor, influencing histone acetylation and gene expression. Additionally, it may interact with and activate carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) and other mitochondrial enzymes.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, acetylcarnitine (10 mM) generates acetyl-CoA in ACLY/ACSS2-deficient cells, restoring histone acetylation and cell proliferation under lipid-depleted conditions. It attenuates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in cultured neuronal cells. Studies have shown that acetylcarnitine improves glucose utilization in type 2 diabetic models by increasing glycogen synthase activity. It also exhibits protective effects against peripheral neuropathy and enhances sperm motility in vitro.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, acetylcarnitine has demonstrated positive effects on mental fatigue, neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer's disease), cognitive function, and peripheral neuropathy in animal models. It exhibits neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's models, reducing oxidative damage and improving cognitive performance. Orally administered acetylcarnitine is absorbed and penetrates the CNS, where it exerts its bioactivity. It is also used as a candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular enzyme assays, carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) activity can be measured spectrophotometrically using 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). The assay buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5 mM EDTA) contains 0.5 mM acetyl-CoA, 10 mM L-carnitine, and 0.2 mM DTNB. Acetylcarnitine (1-10 mM) is added, and the increase in absorbance at 412 nm (due to TNB formation) is recorded for 5-10 minutes at 37degC. Alternatively, mass spectrometry can quantify acetylcarnitine levels.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays, neuronal cell lines (e.g., SH-SY5Y or primary rat cortical neurons) are seeded in 96-well plates (1×10⁴ cells/well) and cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS. After 24 hours, cells are treated with acetylcarnitine (0.1-10 mM) for 24-48 hours. Cell viability is measured by MTT assay (0.5 mg/mL, 4h). Oxidative stress is evaluated using DCFH-DA (10 uM, 30 min) fluorescence. For neuroprotection studies, cells are pre-treated with acetylcarnitine for 2 hours before exposure to Abeta peptide (10 uM) or H2O2 (200 uM). Apoptosis is quantified via caspase-3/7 activity using a luminescent assay.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo experiments, Alzheimer's disease model mice (e.g., APP/PS1 transgenic mice, 6 months old) are used. Acetylcarnitine is dissolved in saline and administered intraperitoneally (IP) or orally at doses of 50-300 mg/kg/day for 4-8 weeks. Behavioral tests such as Morris water maze (for spatial learning and memory) and novel object recognition are performed. After sacrifice, brain tissues are collected for analysis of amyloid-beta plaques (Thioflavin S staining), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD), and neuroinflammation (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha by ELISA).
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Acetylcarnitine supplements are absorbed in a similar manner to L-carnitine. Acetylcarnitine is excreted in a similar manner to L-carnitine. Both are excreted through the kidneys and involve renal tubular secretion. Acetylcarnitine is an endogenous metabolite with high oral bioavailability and effective CNS penetration. It is transported across biological membranes via carnitine transporters. Its half-life in humans is approximately 4-6 hours. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to tissues, particularly the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. It is metabolized via deacetylation to carnitine and excreted primarily in urine. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
The CIR expert panel concluded that, under the existing methods of use and concentrations described in the safety assessment, the following ingredient is safe when formulated into a non-irritating formulation: ...acetylcarnitine... safe for use in cosmetics, subject to certain conditions. Acetylcarnitine is an endogenous compound and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) at physiological concentrations. In animal studies, it has a low toxicity profile with an LD₅0 of >2000 mg/kg (oral, rat). No significant adverse effects have been reported at therapeutic doses up to 300 mg/kg/day. In clinical use as a dietary supplement, it is well-tolerated with occasional mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Standard safety precautions should be followed when handling. |
| Additional Infomation |
Pharmacodynamics
The full physiological effects of acetylcarnitine are still under investigation. Currently, acetylcarnitine has been found to have positive effects on mental fatigue, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive function, peripheral neuropathy, and sperm motility. Specifically, a study on HIV-infected individuals showed that patients supplemented with acetylcarnitine experienced increased CD4 cell counts, reduced lymphocyte apoptosis, improved polyneuropathy and cardiovascular damage, and decreased blood triglyceride and TNF-α levels. Another study suggests that acetylcarnitine may improve glucose utilization in patients with type 2 diabetes by increasing the activity of glycogen synthase. Acetylcarnitine is an endogenous metabolite with established clinical use as a dietary supplement and investigational therapeutic agent. It has been studied for potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease, depression, peripheral neuropathy, and male infertility. It is not an FDA-approved drug for these indications but is available as a nutraceutical. Its mechanism involves enhancing mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating neuroinflammation. Numerous clinical trials have investigated acetylcarnitine (e.g., for Alzheimer's disease, fibromyalgia, and diabetic neuropathy), with some positive results. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H17NO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
203.24
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| Exact Mass |
203.115
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| CAS # |
14992-62-2
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| PubChem CID |
1
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Melting Point |
145°C
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| LogP |
-4.15
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
214
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC(=O)OC(CC(=O)[O-])C[N+](C)(C)C
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| InChi Key |
RDHQFKQIGNGIED-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H17NO4/c1-7(11)14-8(5-9(12)13)6-10(2,3)4/h8H,5-6H2,1-4H3
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| Chemical Name |
3-acetyloxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 250 mg/mL (1230.07 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.9203 mL | 24.6015 mL | 49.2029 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9841 mL | 4.9203 mL | 9.8406 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4920 mL | 2.4601 mL | 4.9203 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL ON THE USE OF ACETYL-L-CARNITINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2 Status: Completed
Date: 2005-04-15
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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