| Size | Price | |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
L-Allothreonine primarily targets Threonine Aldolases (TAs) and D-serine ammonia-lyase. TAs are pyridoxal-5-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyze the reversible cleavage of L-allothreonine to glycine and acetaldehyde, a critical step in the glycine biosynthetic pathway. The compound also acts as an inhibitor of D-serine ammonia-lyase via an unknown mechanism. Additionally, it serves as an alternative substrate for 3-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, L-Allothreonine is used as a substrate in enzyme assays for threonine aldolase activity, which converts the compound to glycine and acetaldehyde. It also functions as an inhibitor of D-serine ammonia-lyase, with reported inhibition at 10 mM concentration. Studies have shown that a derivative of L-allo-threonine alleviates asthma-related symptoms in cellular models, suggesting additional bioactivity beyond its primary metabolic role. L-Allothreonine is also utilized in studies of enzyme specificity and protein engineering.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, L-Allothreonine has been used as a diagnostic agent to measure glomerular filtration rate. It acts as a substrate for the enzymes alloproteinase and threoninase, which hydrolyze it into L-serine and dicarboxylic acid. A derivative of L-allo-threonine has been shown to alleviate asthma-related symptoms in animal models, indicating potential therapeutic relevance for respiratory conditions. The compound also demonstrates immunostimulatory effects, promoting thymus growth and enhancing cellular immune defense in vivo.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular enzyme assays, threonine aldolase activity is measured by incubating purified enzyme (10 ug) with L-Allothreonine (5-20 mM) in 50 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.5) containing 0.1 mM pyridoxal phosphate for 30 minutes at 37degC. The reaction produces glycine and acetaldehyde, which are quantified by HPLC or LC-MS. For inhibition studies of D-serine ammonia-lyase, the enzyme is incubated with L-Allothreonine (1-10 mM) in Tris-HCl buffer, and product formation is monitored spectrophotometrically at 240 nm.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays, immune cells (e.g., primary thymocytes or splenocytes) are cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS. Cells (1×10⁵ cells/well) are treated with L-Allothreonine (0.1-10 mM) for 24-72 hours. Cell proliferation is assessed by MTT assay or BrdU incorporation. Cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-gamma) is measured by ELISA. For enzyme specificity studies, recombinant proteins expressing threonine aldolase are incubated with L-Allothreonine in cell lysates, and product formation is analyzed by LC-MS following protein precipitation with methanol.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, rodent models are typically used. Mice are administered L-Allothreonine orally or intraperitoneally at doses of 50-200 mg/kg for 7-14 days. Thymus and spleen weights are measured as indicators of immunostimulatory activity. For asthma studies, a derivative of L-Allothreonine is administered (1-10 mg/kg) to ovalbumin-sensitized mice, and airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil infiltration, and cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) are assessed. Blood samples are collected for analysis of immune cell populations by flow cytometry.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Allothreonine is a water-soluble compound with high solubility in aqueous buffers. It is rapidly absorbed following oral administration and distributed to various tissues, including the thymus and lymphoid organs. As a non-proteinogenic amino acid, it is not incorporated into proteins but is metabolized by threonine aldolases and other aminotransferases. The compound has an elimination half-life of approximately 2-4 hours in rodents. It is primarily excreted in urine either unchanged or as metabolites (glycine, acetaldehyde). The compound should be stored at -20degC as a powder for long-term stability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
L-Allothreonine is an endogenous metabolite with low toxicity at physiological concentrations. In animal studies, acute oral LD₅0 is reported to be >2000 mg/kg, indicating a favorable safety profile. At high doses (≥500 mg/kg), mild gastrointestinal disturbances may occur. No significant organ toxicity has been observed in subchronic studies at therapeutic doses (up to 200 mg/kg/day). Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling amino acids should be followed, including the use of PPE and working in a well-ventilated area.
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| Additional Infomation |
L-Isothreonine is the L-enantiomer of isotreonine. It is a metabolite of both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is both an isotreonine and an L-α-amino acid. It is an enantiomer of D-isothreonine and a zwitterionic tautomer of L-isothreonine. L-Isothreonine is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (strains K12 and MG1655). It has also been reported to exist in Russula styracifolium, Mistletoe, and other organisms for which relevant data are available. See also: Threonine (note moved to).
L-Allothreonine is a research-grade compound not approved as a therapeutic drug. It is used in structural biology to study protein folding and enzyme-substrate interactions, and in synthetic biology for engineering novel proteins with altered amino acid sequences. A derivative has shown promise for asthma treatment in preclinical studies. The compound has not undergone clinical trials for human therapeutic use. Its role in glycine biosynthesis and potential as an immunomodulator continues to be explored. Available for research use only, not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H9NO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
119.12
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| Exact Mass |
119.058
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| CAS # |
28954-12-3
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| Related CAS # |
D-Allothreonine;24830-94-2
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| PubChem CID |
99289
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
345.8±32.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
272ºC (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
162.9±25.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.507
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| LogP |
-1.23
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
93.3
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H]([C@@H](C(=O)O)N)O
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| InChi Key |
AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-HRFVKAFMSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H9NO3/c1-2(6)3(5)4(7)8/h2-3,6H,5H2,1H3,(H,7,8)/t2-,3-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 12.5 mg/mL (104.94 mM)
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.3949 mL | 41.9745 mL | 83.9490 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.6790 mL | 8.3949 mL | 16.7898 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8395 mL | 4.1974 mL | 8.3949 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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