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| 5mg |
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| Targets |
Stearic acid-13C18 does not have a specific pharmacological target as it is a stable isotope-labeled internal standard rather than a therapeutic drug. Stearic acid itself is involved in various biological processes including lipid metabolism, membrane structure, and cell signaling. It can be synthesized endogenously from acetyl-CoA. The labeled form is used to trace fatty acid metabolism and distribution in biological systems, with its "target" being the metabolic pathways involving fatty acid synthesis, oxidation, and incorporation into lipids.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
In vitro activity of Stearic acid-13C18 is measured as its utility as a tracer in lipid metabolism studies rather than as a bioactive compound. In cell culture, the labeled fatty acid is incorporated into cellular lipids, allowing for tracking via mass spectrometry. It can be used to study fatty acid uptake, esterification, oxidation, and incorporation into complex lipids such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters. Its "activity" is reflected in its metabolic incorporation and its ability to serve as a quantitative standard in lipidomic analyses. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Stearic acid-13C18 is used to study fatty acid metabolism, distribution, and turnover in living organisms. Administered orally or intravenously, the labeled fatty acid is absorbed, transported in lipoproteins, and distributed to tissues where it is incorporated into lipids or oxidized for energy. These studies provide quantitative data on fatty acid kinetics, including rates of appearance, disappearance, oxidation, and incorporation into tissue lipids. Stearic acid-13C18 is particularly valuable for studying lipid metabolism in the context of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays with Stearic acid-13C18 typically involve studying enzymes of fatty acid metabolism such as fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and acyltransferases. The labeled substrate is incubated with enzyme preparations in appropriate buffers containing ATP, CoA, and other cofactors. The reaction products are analyzed by mass spectrometry to quantify the conversion of the labeled stearic acid to its metabolites (e.g., stearoyl-CoA, oleic acid, or acylglycerols). These assays provide mechanistic insights into enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, and the regulation of fatty acid metabolism.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture experiments with Stearic acid-13C18 involve supplementing cell culture media with the labeled fatty acid, often complexed with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) to facilitate uptake. Cells (e.g., hepatocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells) are cultured for various periods (hours to days) to allow incorporation of the label into cellular lipids. Following incubation, cells are harvested, lipids are extracted, and the isotopic enrichment of individual lipid species is measured by GC-MS or LC-MS. These experiments are used to study fatty acid metabolism, lipid synthesis, and the effects of fatty acids on cellular function.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with Stearic acid-13C18 typically involve administering the labeled fatty acid via oral gavage or intravenous injection to rodents. Blood, tissues (liver, adipose, muscle), and excreta are collected at various time points. Isotopic enrichment of fatty acids and their metabolites in plasma and tissues is measured by GC-MS or LC-MS. These studies provide quantitative data on whole-body fatty acid metabolism, including absorption, distribution, oxidation, and incorporation into tissue lipids. They are used to investigate the impact of diet, disease, or pharmacological interventions on lipid metabolism.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Stearic acid-13C18 are essentially identical to those of natural stearic acid. Stearic acid is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, incorporated into chylomicrons, and transported via the lymphatic system to the circulation. It is distributed to tissues, where it is either oxidized for energy, incorporated into cellular lipids, or stored in adipose tissue. The plasma half-life is relatively long due to its incorporation into lipoproteins and tissues. The 13C label allows for precise tracking of the compound's distribution and metabolism using mass spectrometry.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Stearic acid-13C18 has a low toxicity profile consistent with natural stearic acid, which is a common dietary fatty acid. As a stable isotope-labeled compound, the 13C label does not introduce additional toxicity. At normal physiological concentrations, stearic acid is safe and well-tolerated. However, like all fatty acids, very high doses could potentially contribute to metabolic effects. For research use, standard laboratory safety practices are sufficient, and the compound is not considered hazardous. Stearic acid-13C18 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of stearic acid by GC- or LC-MS.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Stearic acid-13C18 is a research-grade stable isotope-labeled compound used primarily as an internal standard for the quantification of stearic acid in biological samples by GC- or LC-MS. It is a fully 13C-labeled form of stearic acid, a major component of cocoa butter, milk fats, and hydrogenated oils. The compound is used in various fields of research including medical, environmental, and industrial applications. It is not a drug and has no clinical trials or therapeutic indications. As a stable isotope-labeled standard, it is essential for accurate lipidomic analysis and metabolic studies.
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| Molecular Formula |
13C18H36O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
302.35
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| Exact Mass |
302.332
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| CAS # |
287100-83-8
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| Related CAS # |
Stearic acid;57-11-4
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| PubChem CID |
16217539
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
361 °C(lit.)
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| Melting Point |
68-70 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
113 °C
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| LogP |
6.332
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
16
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
202
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[13CH3][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13CH2][13C](=O)O
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| InChi Key |
QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-HXPQJNGISA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C18H36O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20)/i1+1,2+1,3+1,4+1,5+1,6+1,7+1,8+1,9+1,10+1,11+1,12+1,13+1,14+1,15+1,16+1,17+1,18+1
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| Chemical Name |
(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18-13C18)octadecanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 25 mg/mL (82.69 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.3074 mL | 16.5371 mL | 33.0743 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6615 mL | 3.3074 mL | 6.6149 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3307 mL | 1.6537 mL | 3.3074 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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