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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite and has no defined pharmacological target as a drug. The compound is involved in one-carbon metabolism and sulfur amino acid homeostasis. Elevated levels are associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and neural tube defects. In research, it is used to study methionine synthase and cystathionine beta-synthase pathways.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is used in cell culture to model homocysteine metabolism and its effects on cellular redox status. It can be reduced to homocysteine, which generates reactive oxygen species and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in various cell types. The compound is also used as a substrate for studying homocysteine-remethylation and transsulfuration pathways in hepatocytes and neuronal cells.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) serves as a stable circulating form of homocysteine. Elevated levels in animal models of hyperhomocysteinemia are associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, increased risk of thrombosis, and cognitive impairment in neurological studies. It is not a therapeutic drug but is used experimentally to induce hyperhomocysteinemia and study its pathophysiology.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro enzyme assays involving 4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid), the compound is dissolved in an appropriate buffer system (typically sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) containing reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) to generate homocysteine. Enzyme reactions (e.g., with cystathionine beta-synthase or methionine synthase) are incubated at 37degC for specified durations (e.g., 30-60 minutes). Reactions are quenched with acid and products are analyzed by HPLC or LC-MS.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based studies, cells (e.g., hepatocytes, endothelial cells, or neuronal cells) are cultured in standard medium (DMEM with 10% FBS, 2 mM glutamine). Upon reaching appropriate confluence, cells are treated with 4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 mM to 5 mM for 0-72 hours. Cellular effects are assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (DCFDA assay), cell viability (MTT assay), apoptosis markers (caspase-3), and protein carbonylation. Homocysteine levels in culture medium can be measured by enzyme immunoassay.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo studies, 4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is administered to rodents via intraperitoneal injection or oral gavage to induce hyperhomocysteinemia. A typical protocol involves daily administration at doses of 0.1-1 g/kg body weight for 1-4 weeks. Blood samples are collected before and during treatment to measure total homocysteine levels by HPLC or immunoassay. Tissues (liver, kidney, brain, heart) are harvested for histological analysis and measurement of oxidative stress markers.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is an endogenous metabolite with a known plasma elimination profile. In humans, normal plasma total homocysteine (including its oxidized disulfide forms) ranges from 5-15 microM. The compound is metabolized via the methionine synthase (remethylation) pathway to methionine and via the transsulfuration pathway (cystathionine beta-synthase) to cysteine. PK studies in animals have shown peak plasma levels 1-2 hours after oral administration, with return to baseline within 6-12 hours depending on dose.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The compound is an endogenous metabolite present in all mammalian systems at baseline levels of 5-15 microM total homocysteine equivalents. At elevated concentrations (>50-100 microM), it is associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and increased cardiovascular risk. High homocysteine levels are teratogenic and increase the risk of neural tube defects in pregnancy. As a research chemical, no specific acute toxicity data is reported, but hyperhomocysteinemia is a well-established cardiovascular risk factor in humans.
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| Additional Infomation |
Homocysteine is an organic disulfide obtained by the oxidative dimerization of homocysteine. It is a human metabolic product and also a zwitterion of homocysteine. DL-homocysteine has been reported to exist in Homo sapiens and Trypanosoma brevicornu, and relevant data are available for reference.
4,4‘-Disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid) is not a drug but an endogenous metabolite and research reagent. It has no approved therapeutic status, no clinical trial history as a drug candidate, and is not intended for human consumption. The compound is used in research to study homocysteine-related disorders including hyperhomocysteinemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, neural tube defects, and Alzheimer‘s disease. It is available as a research chemical for biochemical and cell biology studies. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H16N2O4S2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
268.35
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| Exact Mass |
268.055
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| CAS # |
462-10-2
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| PubChem CID |
10010
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
507.6±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
263 - 265 °C
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| Flash Point |
260.8±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.619
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| LogP |
1.03
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
216
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C(CSSCCC(C(=O)O)N)C(C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
ZTVZLYBCZNMWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H16N2O4S2/c9-5(7(11)12)1-3-15-16-4-2-6(10)8(13)14/h5-6H,1-4,9-10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)
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| Chemical Name |
2-amino-4-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)disulfanyl]butanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 5 mg/mL (18.63 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7265 mL | 18.6324 mL | 37.2648 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7453 mL | 3.7265 mL | 7.4530 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3726 mL | 1.8632 mL | 3.7265 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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