| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride targets the carnitine shuttle system and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. It facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. It also has antioxidant properties and may improve endothelial function. Its "target" is the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation pathway and cellular energy metabolism.
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| ln Vitro |
Beta-thalassaemic erythrocytes are protected against oxidative stress by protonyl-DL-carnitine chloride[1]. Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride accelerates the rate at which acetyl camitine is formed from pyruvate and boosts the synthesis of 14CO2 from [1-14C]pyruvate[2]. Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride inhibits the production of oxygen reactive species caused by xanthine oxidase activity on hypoxanthine produced by adenine nucleotide catabolism and prolongs the survival of endothelial cells in their regulatory role on vascular activity[4].
In vitro, Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride is used to study fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial function. It has been shown to improve mitochondrial respiration and reduce oxidative stress in various cell types. Its activity is measured by assessing fatty acid oxidation rates, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production in cultured cells. |
| ln Vivo |
The total carnitine concentrations in mice's plasma and urine are impacted by protonyl-DL-carnitine chloride (2 mM/kg; po once daily for 4 weeks)[3].
In vivo, Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and metabolic disorders. It improves exercise performance, reduces oxidative stress, and enhances mitochondrial function. It is used as a dietary supplement and has been investigated in clinical studies for various indications. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays with Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride typically involve studying carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and other enzymes of the carnitine shuttle. The compound can be used as a substrate or inhibitor in assays to characterize the activity of these enzymes. Standard assays involve incubating the compound with enzyme preparations and measuring the formation of products by spectrophotometric or radiometric methods.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture experiments with Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride involve treating various cell types including muscle cells, endothelial cells, and neuronal cells with the compound. Cells are treated with various concentrations, and endpoints include assessment of mitochondrial function, fatty acid oxidation, oxidative stress markers, and ATP levels. These experiments characterize the metabolic effects of the compound.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Adult age-matched male C57BL/6 mice[3]
Doses: 2 mM/kg Route of Administration: Oral gavage; 2 mM/kg/day for 4 weeks Experimental Results: Increased plasma and urine total carnitine concentrations, but demonstrated no effect on the skeletal muscle carnitine content of mice. In vivo animal experiments with Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride typically involve administering the compound to animal models of cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, or metabolic disorders. Key endpoints include assessment of exercise performance, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress markers, and tissue histopathology. These studies evaluate the therapeutic potential of the compound. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride reflect its role as a carnitine derivative. It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to tissues, particularly muscle and heart. It is metabolized to propionyl-CoA and carnitine and is excreted in urine. Its plasma half-life is relatively short, and it is rapidly cleared from the circulation.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride has a low toxicity profile. It is generally recognized as safe for use as a dietary supplement. At high doses, it may cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed when handling. It is not classified as a hazardous substance. Comprehensive toxicology studies have been conducted in the context of its use as a supplement.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride is a derivative of carnitine involved in fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial energy production. It has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and metabolic disorders. It is used as a dietary supplement and research tool. The compound is not an approved drug but is available for research and supplement use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H20CLNO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
253.72
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| Exact Mass |
253.108
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| CAS # |
18828-58-5
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| Related CAS # |
Levocarnitine propionate hydrochloride;119793-66-7
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| PubChem CID |
13020033
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
1.291
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
232
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCC(=O)OC(CC(=O)O)C[N+](C)(C)C.[Cl-]
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| InChi Key |
KTFMPDDJYRFWQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H19NO4.ClH/c1-5-10(14)15-8(6-9(12)13)7-11(2,3)4;/h8H,5-7H2,1-4H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
(3-carboxy-2-propanoyloxypropyl)-trimethylazanium;chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
Methanol: 250 mg/mL (985.34 mM)
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (394.14 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9414 mL | 19.7068 mL | 39.4135 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7883 mL | 3.9414 mL | 7.8827 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3941 mL | 1.9707 mL | 3.9414 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02786043
Conditions:Peripheral Arterial DiseasesProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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