| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
others
|
|---|---|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Uremic toxins often accumulate in the blood due to overeating or poor kidney filtration. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products that are normally excreted through urine or feces. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Uremic toxins, such as indole-β-D-glucuronide, can be actively transported to the kidneys via organic ion transporters, particularly OAT3. Elevated uremic toxin levels can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This appears to be mediated by the direct binding of uremic toxins to or inhibition of NADPH oxidases, particularly NOX4, which is abundant in the kidneys and heart (A7868). ROS can induce a variety of different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) involved in the silencing of the KLOTHO protein. KLOTHO has been shown to play an important role in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. Multiple studies have shown that in acute or chronic kidney disease, KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are decreased due to elevated local ROS levels (A7869). |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Indoleglucuronic acid is a type of glucuronic acid. Indoleglucuronic acid is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be classified into three main categories based on their chemical and physical properties: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as phenols; and 3) larger, so-called medium-molecule compounds, such as β2-microglobulins. Long-term exposure to uremic toxins can lead to various diseases, including kidney damage, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Indoleglucuronic acid is a natural human metabolite produced in the liver by UDP-glucuronyltransferase from indole. Glucuronization helps eliminate toxic substances, drugs, or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is linked to this substance via a glycosidic bond, and the resulting glucuronide is much more water-soluble than the original substance and is ultimately excreted through the kidneys.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C14H15NO7
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
309.27
|
| Exact Mass |
309.084
|
| CAS # |
35804-66-1
|
| PubChem CID |
2733785
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| Density |
1.7±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
669.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
358.4±31.5 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.746
|
| LogP |
-0.91
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
22
|
| Complexity |
420
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
|
| SMILES |
OC(C1OC(OC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C23)C(O)C(O)C1O)=O
|
| InChi Key |
KUYNOZVWCFXSNE-BYNIDDHOSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H15NO7/c16-9-10(17)12(13(19)20)22-14(11(9)18)21-8-5-15-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)8/h1-5,9-12,14-18H,(H,19,20)/t9-,10-,11+,12-,14+/m0/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(1H-indol-3-yloxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2334 mL | 16.1671 mL | 32.3342 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6467 mL | 3.2334 mL | 6.4668 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3233 mL | 1.6167 mL | 3.2334 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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