| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid-d6 has no pharmacological target. The unlabeled 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an endogenous human metabolite, a small organic acid that is part of the complex network of human metabolism. It does not have a specific protein or receptor target; rather, its clinical relevance is as a biomarker for various disease states, particularly those involving metabolic dysregulation.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is not a pharmacologically active compound but a metabolite. As a research tool, its unlabeled form can be added to cell culture or biological samples to assess its effects, but it is primarily known as a biomarker. Elevated levels have been associated with conditions such as type 2 diabetes and are thought to reflect disturbances in energy metabolism and the gut microbiome. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an endogenous metabolite, not a therapeutic agent. The unlabeled compound has been identified as a potential biomarker for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, with its levels correlating with disease progression. It is also associated with lactic acidosis and other metabolic disorders. The d6-labeled version is a crucial tool for accurately measuring these levels in clinical research.
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| Enzyme Assay |
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid-d6 is used as an internal standard for in vitro assays. A stock solution is typically prepared in a solvent like water or methanol. A fixed amount of this standard is spiked into a biological sample (e.g., plasma, urine, tissue homogenate) before processing. After protein precipitation or other clean-up steps, the sample is analyzed by GC-MS or LC-MS. The signal from the analyte is compared to the signal from the labeled standard for precise quantification.
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| Cell Assay |
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid-d6 is not used as a cellular treatment. Its role is strictly as an analytical standard for ex vivo analysis. To measure the compound in cell culture experiments, the labeled standard is added to the collected cell lysates or culture media. It is not a probe for live-cell imaging or a direct modulator of cell function but rather a tool to correct for sample loss and ion suppression during the final mass spectrometry analysis.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, the d6-labeled compound is not typically administered as a tracer. The compound is most often used as an internal standard to measure the endogenous concentration of its unlabeled counterpart in blood, urine, or tissue samples from an experimental model. For example, in a rat model of diabetes, the standard would be added to the collected plasma samples to accurately measure the baseline and treatment-altered levels of the endogenous metabolite.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is a small, water-soluble organic acid with no defined pharmacokinetic (PK) profile as a therapeutic agent. The endogenous compound is continuously produced and cleared as part of normal metabolism. Its plasma concentration is generally low in healthy individuals but can rise significantly in metabolic diseases. It is likely cleared via renal excretion, given its small size and polarity, and its half-life is short.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The unlabeled 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an endogenous, low-toxicity metabolite. At normal physiological levels, it is not considered harmful. The deuterium-labeled version is chemically identical and is used in very small, non-toxic quantities in research. No specific toxic effects are associated with the compound. As an organic acid, concentrated solutions may cause minor skin or eye irritation, but this is typical for many research chemicals.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid-d6 is not a drug but a stable isotope-labeled research chemical. Its primary use is as a high-purity internal standard for the robust and accurate quantification of 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid in complex biological matrices. This application is critical in clinical and metabolic research, particularly for biomarker discovery and validation studies in fields like diabetes, cancer metabolism, and inborn errors of metabolism.
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| Molecular Formula |
C4H2D6O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
110.14
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| Exact Mass |
110.085
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| CAS # |
40662-45-1
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| Related CAS # |
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid;594-61-6
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| PubChem CID |
10486812
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
212.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
76-78ºC
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| Flash Point |
104.9±16.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.457
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| LogP |
-0.35
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
84.9
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[2H]C([2H])([2H])C(C(=O)O)(C([2H])([2H])[2H])O
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| InChi Key |
BWLBGMIXKSTLSX-WFGJKAKNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c1-4(2,7)3(5)6/h7H,1-2H3,(H,5,6)/i1D3,2D3
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| Chemical Name |
3,3,3-trideuterio-2-hydroxy-2-(trideuteriomethyl)propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
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| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 9.0794 mL | 45.3968 mL | 90.7935 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.8159 mL | 9.0794 mL | 18.1587 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9079 mL | 4.5397 mL | 9.0794 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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