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L-Cysteine-13C3,15N is a stable isotope-labeled form of L-cysteine, a conditionally essential amino acid that serves as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as H₂S, glutathione, and taurine. L-cysteine can suppress ghrelin and reduce appetite in rodents and humans. As a precursor for glutathione, cysteine plays a crucial role in antioxidant defense. As a precursor for H₂S, cysteine is involved in various physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and inflammation. As a precursor for taurine, cysteine is involved in bile acid conjugation, osmoregulation, and modulation of calcium signaling. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N labels enable researchers to track the fate of both carbon and nitrogen atoms through these metabolic pathways. This makes L-Cysteine-13C3,15N a valuable tool for studying cysteine metabolism, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and the role of cysteine in health and disease.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
In vitro, L-Cysteine-13C3,15N is used as a tracer for studying cysteine metabolism. The compound is added to cell culture media to study cysteine uptake, metabolism, and incorporation into proteins and other biomolecules. Cells are cultured in standard growth media, and L-Cysteine-13C3,15N is added at various concentrations for varying periods. Following incubation, cells are harvested, and intracellular metabolites are extracted using organic solvents or perchloric acid. The extracts are then analyzed by mass spectrometry to measure the ¹³C and ¹⁵N enrichment of cysteine and its metabolites. This allows researchers to quantify cysteine uptake, incorporation into proteins, and conversion to H₂S, glutathione, and taurine. In metabolic flux analysis experiments, cells are cultured in media containing L-Cysteine-13C3,15N for several hours or days, and the labeling pattern of metabolites is analyzed to calculate metabolic fluxes. The compound is also used in pulse-chase experiments. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, L-Cysteine-13C3,15N enables precise tracking of cysteine incorporation into proteins and its role in the biosynthesis of H₂S, glutathione, and taurine. Following administration to animals (typically via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous infusion), the compound is distributed throughout the body and incorporated into various metabolic pathways. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N labels allow for the specific detection of administered L-cysteine in biological samples without interference from endogenous unlabeled L-cysteine. Blood and tissue samples are collected at various time points, and the ¹³C and ¹⁵N enrichment of cysteine and its metabolites is measured by mass spectrometry. This allows researchers to quantify cysteine metabolism in different organs and tissues, assess the impact of disease states on cysteine homeostasis, and evaluate the effects of pharmacological interventions. In metabolic flux analysis experiments, L-Cysteine-13C3,15N is often administered as a bolus or as a continuous infusion.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for L-Cysteine-13C3,15N are not typically performed, as the compound is primarily used as a tracer for metabolic studies. However, the compound can be used as a labeled substrate in enzymatic assays to study the activity of enzymes involved in cysteine metabolism. For example, in assays of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) or cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), which are involved in H₂S production, the enzyme is incubated with L-Cysteine-13C3,15N and other substrates, and the formation of labeled products (e.g., H₂S, cysteine, glutathione) is measured by mass spectrometry. In assays of glutathione synthesis, the enzyme is incubated with L-Cysteine-13C3,15N, glutamate, and glycine, and the formation of labeled glutathione is measured. The use of a dual-labeled substrate allows for the specific detection of enzyme-derived products without interference from endogenous unlabeled metabolites. These assays are typically performed in buffered solutions at physiological pH and temperature.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based experiments with L-Cysteine-13C3,15N involve adding the labeled compound to cell culture media and studying its uptake and metabolism. Cells are cultured in standard growth media, and L-Cysteine-13C3,15N is added at various concentrations (typically 0.1-10 mM) for varying periods (minutes to hours). Following incubation, cells are harvested, and intracellular metabolites are extracted using organic solvents or perchloric acid. The extracts are then analyzed by mass spectrometry to measure the ¹³C and ¹⁵N enrichment of cysteine and its metabolites. This allows researchers to quantify cysteine uptake, incorporation into proteins, and conversion to H₂S, glutathione, and taurine. In metabolic flux analysis experiments, cells are cultured in media containing L-Cysteine-13C3,15N for several hours or days, and the labeling pattern of metabolites is analyzed to calculate metabolic fluxes. The compound is also used in pulse-chase experiments. Cell viability is routinely monitored to ensure that the labeled compound does not affect cell health. Each experiment includes appropriate controls and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with L-Cysteine-13C3,15N involve administration of the labeled compound to animals followed by collection of blood and tissue samples for mass spectrometry analysis. The compound is typically administered via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous infusion at doses ranging from 10-100 mg/kg. Following administration, blood samples are collected at various time points (typically 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 minutes) to measure the appearance and disappearance of labeled cysteine in the circulation. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues (liver, kidney, brain, muscle) are collected for analysis. Metabolites are extracted from plasma and tissues, and the ¹³C and ¹⁵N enrichment of cysteine and its metabolites is measured by mass spectrometry. This allows researchers to quantify cysteine metabolism in different organs and tissues. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=4-6 per group) to ensure statistical power.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of L-Cysteine-13C3,15N are studied using the isotope labels to track the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of L-cysteine. Following oral or intravenous administration, the compound is rapidly absorbed and distributed to tissues. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N labels allow for the specific detection of administered L-cysteine in biological samples without interference from endogenous unlabeled L-cysteine. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, and bioavailability can be calculated from the concentration-time profiles of labeled cysteine in plasma and tissues. L-cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid that is synthesized in the body from methionine and is also obtained from the diet. It is transported across cell membranes by amino acid transporters and is metabolized through several pathways. The labeled compound enables precise tracking of these metabolic processes.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of L-Cysteine-13C3,15N is consistent with that of natural L-cysteine, a conditionally essential amino acid that is generally recognized as safe at physiological concentrations. L-cysteine is a normal component of the diet and is involved in various metabolic pathways. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N labels are stable isotopes that do not impart any additional toxicity to the compound. The compound is supplied as a high-purity research chemical for laboratory use only and is not intended for human consumption. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
L-Cysteine-13C3,15N is a valuable research tool for studying cysteine metabolism, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of H₂S, glutathione, and taurine. It is a stable isotope-labeled form of the conditionally essential amino acid L-cysteine, in which all three carbon atoms are replaced with ¹³C and the single nitrogen atom is replaced with ¹⁵N. L-cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid that serves as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as H₂S, glutathione, and taurine. The compound has the molecular formula ¹³C₃H₇¹⁵NO₂S and a molecular weight of 125.13 g/mol. L-cysteine can suppress ghrelin and reduce appetite. It is not a drug and is not approved for any clinical indication. It is strictly for research use only. Its dual labeling enables simultaneous tracking of both carbon and nitrogen atoms through metabolic pathways.
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| Molecular Formula |
13C3H715NO2S
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| Molecular Weight |
125.13
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| Exact Mass |
125.026
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| CAS # |
202406-97-1
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| Related CAS # |
L-Cysteine;52-90-4
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| PubChem CID |
16052677
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.550
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| LogP |
-2.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
75.3
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
S[13CH2][13C@H]([13C](O)=O)[15NH2]
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| InChi Key |
XUJNEKJLAYXESH-ROQAEYOOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m1/s1/i1+1,2+1,3+1,4+1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-(15N)azanyl-3-sulfanyl(1,2,3-13C3)propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 2.5 mg/mL (19.98 mM)
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.9917 mL | 39.9584 mL | 79.9169 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5983 mL | 7.9917 mL | 15.9834 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7992 mL | 3.9958 mL | 7.9917 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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