| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 2mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
L-Carnitine-d9 has no pharmacological target as an internal standard. The unlabeled L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that acts as a biological carrier. Its primary molecular target is the carnitine shuttle system, where it binds to fatty acids to form acylcarnitines and facilitates their transport across the mitochondrial membrane via the enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1). This process is crucial for beta-oxidation, the primary pathway for energy production from long-chain fatty acids.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
As a stable isotope-labeled standard, L-Carnitine-d9 is not used in assays to measure pharmacological activity. The unlabeled L-carnitine plays a fundamental role in cellular energy metabolism by facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are broken down for ATP production. It also helps to regulate the acyl-CoA/CoA ratio, thus modulating metabolic flexibility and preventing the accumulation of toxic acyl-CoA intermediates. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, L-Carnitine is critical for heart and skeletal muscle function, which rely heavily on fatty acids for energy. It helps improve metabolic imbalances associated with many inborn errors of metabolism, such as primary carnitine deficiency, and is used as a therapeutic supplement. It has also been studied for its potential to improve exercise performance and treat complications of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases by enhancing fat oxidation and reducing oxidative stress.
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| Enzyme Assay |
L-Carnitine-d9 is used as an internal standard for method development. For in vitro assays, a stock solution of the compound is prepared in a solvent like methanol or water. A fixed, known amount of this solution is then spiked into biological samples (e.g., plasma, urine, or cell lysates) before the sample preparation steps. After protein precipitation or extraction, the sample is analyzed by LC-MS/MS, and the signal from the unlabeled L-Carnitine is compared to the signal from the L-Carnitine-d9 standard.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular experiments, L-Carnitine-d9 is not used as a treatment but as an analytical reagent. It is added to cell culture media, lysates, or other sample matrices at a fixed concentration after the experimental treatment phase. Its primary purpose is to act as an internal standard during the LC-MS/MS analysis, correcting for any loss of the analyte during sample preparation and providing accurate quantification of the unlabeled, endogenously produced L-Carnitine.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, L-Carnitine-d9 can be administered as a tracer to study carnitine metabolism, often via oral gavage or intravenous injection. Blood plasma and urine are collected at various time points. The concentration of the labeled compound in these samples is measured by LC-MS/MS. This allows researchers to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of carnitine, such as its absorption rate, systemic clearance, and excretion.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Carnitine-d9 has the same pharmacokinetic (PK) properties as the unlabeled L-Carnitine. It is absorbed from the small intestine via active transport and diffusion. The plasma elimination half-life of L-Carnitine is dose-dependent, ranging from about 2 to 15 hours. It is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine by the kidneys. Its volume of distribution is approximately total body water, and it achieves significant concentrations in muscle tissue after supplementation.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
L-Carnitine is an endogenous substance and has low toxicity. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and is well-tolerated at standard supplemental doses. Mild side effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have been reported at very high doses. The deuterated version is chemically identical and is expected to have a similar safety profile. No significant specific toxicity is associated with its use as an internal standard in research.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
L-Carnitine-d9 is not a drug but a research-use only stable isotope-labeled internal standard. It is an essential tool in clinical diagnostics and pharmaceutical research for the accurate quantification of L-Carnitine levels in biological matrices. This compound is used in studies involving metabolic disorders, cardiovascular health, and nutritional research to understand the role of carnitine in human health and disease.
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| Molecular Formula |
C7H15NO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
161.198902368546
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| CAS # |
126827-79-0
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| Related CAS # |
L-Carnitine;541-15-1
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| SMILES |
C([C@H](O)CC(=O)[O-])[N+](C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H]
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.2035 mL | 31.0174 mL | 62.0347 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2407 mL | 6.2035 mL | 12.4069 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6203 mL | 3.1017 mL | 6.2035 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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