| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite Human Endogenous Metabolite
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an agonist for GPR81 (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1) and GPR109A (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2). GPR81 and GPR109A are G-protein coupled receptors that are activated by hydroxycarboxylic acids and play roles in metabolism, inflammation, and stress responses. By activating these receptors, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid acts as a stress response desensitizer. The compound's antimicrobial activity is mediated through its effects on bacterial cell membranes and metabolic pathways. As a hydroxy derivative of benzoic acid, it shares the antimicrobial properties of benzoic acid, which is widely used as a food preservative. The compound also serves as a building block for the synthesis of various biologically active molecules, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, amyloidogenesis inhibitors, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Its ability to activate GPR81 and GPR109A suggests potential roles in regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and pain. The compound's oral activity makes it a promising lead for drug development. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives have shown significant antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. The compound is an agonist for GPR81 and GPR109A and acts as a stress response desensitizer. It has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In cell-based assays, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid is tested for its effects on GPR81 and GPR109A signaling, which can be measured by monitoring downstream signaling pathways such as cAMP production or ERK phosphorylation. The compound's antimicrobial activity is assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against various bacterial strains. In studies of inflammation, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid is tested for its ability to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) in activated macrophages or other immune cells. Its antioxidant activity is assessed by measuring its ability to scavenge free radicals or inhibit lipid peroxidation. The compound's role as a building block for medicinal chemistry is demonstrated by its use in the synthesis of various biologically active compounds.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an orally active compound. It acts as a stress response desensitizer through its agonism of GPR81 and GPR109A. The compound has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in animal models. In models of pain and inflammation, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid has been shown to reduce pain responses and inflammatory markers. Its antimicrobial activity suggests potential for treating infections, although in vivo efficacy data are limited. The compound is an endogenous metabolite, suggesting that it is naturally present in the body and metabolized through endogenous pathways. Its oral activity makes it a promising lead for drug development. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's therapeutic potential and safety profile.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme and receptor binding assays for 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid typically involve the use of GPR81 and GPR109A receptors. For receptor binding assays, membrane preparations from cells expressing GPR81 or GPR109A are incubated with radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled ligands in the presence of varying concentrations of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. The binding affinity (IC₅₀ or Ki) is determined from competitive binding curves. For functional assays, cells expressing GPR81 or GPR109A are treated with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and downstream signaling is measured. For example, cAMP levels are measured by ELISA or homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assays, and ERK phosphorylation is measured by western blotting or AlphaScreen. For antimicrobial assays, the compound is tested against various bacterial strains using broth microdilution or agar diffusion methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined as the lowest concentration that inhibits visible bacterial growth. For antioxidant assays, the compound's ability to scavenge free radicals (e.g., DPPH, ABTS) or inhibit lipid peroxidation is measured spectrophotometrically. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems (pH 7.4), with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on receptor signaling, inflammation, and antimicrobial activity. For GPR81 and GPR109A studies, cells expressing these receptors (e.g., HEK293 cells transfected with GPR81 or GPR109A) are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid at various concentrations (typically 1-1000 μM). Following treatment, cells are harvested, and cAMP levels or ERK phosphorylation are measured. For anti-inflammatory studies, macrophages (e.g., RAW 264.7) or other immune cells are stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) is measured by ELISA or multiplex bead-based assays. For antimicrobial studies, bacterial cultures are grown in the presence of varying concentrations of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and bacterial growth is monitored by measuring optical density at 600 nm or by colony counting. Cell viability is routinely monitored using MTT or LDH assays to ensure that observed effects are not due to cytotoxicity. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls, and positive controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution and diluted in culture medium to the desired final concentration, with the final DMSO concentration kept below 0.1% to avoid solvent effects.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid are conducted in mouse or rat models of pain, inflammation, or infection. Typically, 8-12 week old rodents are used, and the compound is administered via oral gavage at doses ranging from 10-100 mg/kg. In models of pain, the compound is administered before the induction of pain (e.g., by injection of formalin or by thermal stimulation), and pain responses (e.g., paw licking, withdrawal latency) are measured. In models of inflammation, the compound is administered before or after the induction of inflammation (e.g., by injection of carrageenan or by LPS administration), and inflammatory markers (e.g., paw edema, cytokine levels) are measured. In models of infection, the compound is administered before or after bacterial challenge, and bacterial burden and survival are assessed. Blood samples are collected to measure compound concentrations and biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues are collected for histopathological examination and gene expression analysis. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. The compound is formulated for administration using appropriate vehicles such as saline or water, in which it is soluble. Endpoints include pain responses, inflammatory markers, bacterial burden, and histopathological scores.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid are characteristic of a small, moderately hydrophilic molecule. With a molecular weight of approximately 138 g/mol and a carboxylic acid group, the compound is expected to be well-absorbed following oral administration. The compound is an endogenous metabolite, suggesting that it is metabolized through endogenous pathways. Following absorption, the compound is distributed to tissues and metabolized through hepatic pathways, likely involving conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation) and oxidation. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short (hours) due to rapid metabolism and clearance. The compound is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid may be influenced by its formulation, with various vehicles affecting absorption rates and bioavailability. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid has not been extensively characterized in formal toxicology studies. As an endogenous metabolite and a component of the structural skeleton of various biologically active small molecules, the compound is naturally present in the human body and is expected to be relatively non-toxic. The compound is a hydroxy derivative of benzoic acid, which is widely used as a food preservative and is generally recognized as safe. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have not been reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. As with all chemicals, ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact should be avoided. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture. The absence of reported severe adverse effects in published studies suggests a favorable safety profile, but formal toxicological characterization would be required for clinical development.
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| Additional Infomation |
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, meaning benzoic acid is substituted with a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. It has been isolated from the European yew (Taxus baccata). It can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticizers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc. It is a product of both bacterial and plant metabolism. Its function is related to benzoic acid. It is the conjugate acid of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid esters. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid has been reported to exist in peony (Paeonia emodi), oriental iris (Tragopogon orientalis), and several other organisms with relevant data. See also: whole plant (part) of red cornflower (Centaurium erythraea).
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a valuable research tool for studying receptor signaling, inflammation, and antimicrobial activity. It is an orally active endogenous metabolite that functions as an agonist for GPR81 and GPR109A. The compound acts as a stress response desensitizer and has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives have shown significant antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. The compound is used in the synthesis of medicinally important compounds such as tyrosine kinase Tie-2 inhibitor, amyloidogenesis inhibitor, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. As a component of the structural skeleton of various biologically active small molecules, it is a versatile building block for medicinal chemistry. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its oral activity and favorable safety profile make it an interesting lead compound for drug development. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H6O3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
138.12
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| Exact Mass |
138.031
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| CAS # |
99-06-9
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| Related CAS # |
25302-76-5;7720-19-6 (mono-hydrochloride salt)
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| PubChem CID |
7420
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
346.1±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
202 °C
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| Flash Point |
177.3±19.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.616
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| LogP |
1.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
10
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| Complexity |
133
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC(=C1)O)C(=O)O
|
| InChi Key |
IJFXRHURBJZNAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H6O3/c8-6-3-1-2-5(4-6)7(9)10/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10)
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| Chemical Name |
3-hydroxybenzoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ≥ 300 mg/mL (2172.02 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.2401 mL | 36.2004 mL | 72.4008 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.4480 mL | 7.2401 mL | 14.4802 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7240 mL | 3.6200 mL | 7.2401 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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