| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
L-Thyronine targets various cellular receptors, including those involved in thyroid hormone signaling. While it is inactive at rat GABAA receptors (IC₅₀ > 100 μM), it binds to receptors on cells and activates them, stimulating energy production. The compound also increases the number of mitochondria in cells and regulates the production of nitric oxide, which plays an important role in vascular relaxation. In receptor binding analyses, L-Thyronine is used to study the specificity of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) for iodinated versus non-iodinated ligands. At the cellular level, 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and other iodothyronines exert their effects through thyroid hormone receptors, but some T3-actions are independent of TRs. L-Thyronine's lack of iodination makes it a useful tool for differentiating between TR-mediated and non-TR-mediated effects of thyroid hormones. The compound's conformational dynamics offer insights into hormone-receptor interactions within metabolic pathways. Its ability to regulate nitric oxide production suggests involvement in vascular signaling pathways. As a scaffold control, L-Thyronine helps researchers distinguish the specific effects of iodine substitution from the core effects of the thyronine backbone. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, L-Thyronine is used in receptor binding assays to study iodine-dependent receptor selectivity. It is commonly used as a non-iodinated scaffold control in studies of thyroid hormone and its analogues. The compound is inactive at rat GABAA receptors with an IC₅₀ greater than 100 μM. In enzyme kinetics and receptor binding analyses, L-Thyronine facilitates varied biochemical explorations. At the cellular level, L-Thyronine binds to receptors on cells and activates them, stimulating energy production. It also increases the number of mitochondria in cells and regulates the production of nitric oxide, which plays an important role in vascular relaxation. Its significance in researching oxidative stress mechanisms stems from its structure and reactivity patterns. L-Thyronine's lack of iodine atoms makes it a useful tool for studying the role of iodine in thyroid hormone action. In studies of thyroid hormone analogues, L-Thyronine serves as a baseline control to assess the effects of iodination on receptor binding, transcriptional activity, and cellular responses. The compound's solubility in aqueous mediums facilitates its use in a variety of in vitro assay formats.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, L-Thyronine is primarily used as a negative control in thyroid hormone research rather than as a therapeutic agent. Its lack of iodination means it has minimal thyromimetic activity, making it useful for distinguishing the effects of iodinated thyroid hormones from those of the non-iodinated backbone. In animal studies, L-Thyronine is administered to assess its effects on metabolic rate, body temperature, and other physiological parameters that are regulated by thyroid hormones. However, because it lacks the iodine atoms that are essential for high-affinity binding to thyroid hormone receptors, L-Thyronine has significantly lower potency than T3 or T4. The compound's ability to increase the number of mitochondria in cells and regulate nitric oxide production suggests that it may have some biological activity independent of thyroid hormone receptors. However, these effects are likely to be much weaker than those of iodinated thyroid hormones. L-Thyronine is also used in studies of thyroid hormone metabolism, where it serves as a substrate or product of deiodinase enzymes. Its conformational dynamics offer insights into hormone-receptor interactions within metabolic pathways.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme and receptor binding assays for L-Thyronine typically involve the use of isolated thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) or membrane preparations from cells expressing TRs. Competitive binding assays are performed using radiolabeled T3 (e.g., ¹²⁵I-T3) as the tracer, with varying concentrations of L-Thyronine as the competitor. The binding affinity (IC₅₀ or Ki) of L-Thyronine for TRs is compared to that of T3 and other iodinated thyroid hormone analogs. In typical receptor binding assays, L-Thyronine shows significantly lower affinity for TRs than T3, reflecting the importance of iodine atoms for high-affinity binding. Fluorescence polarization or surface plasmon resonance assays may also be used to measure binding affinity in real-time. For enzyme assays, L-Thyronine is used as a substrate or inhibitor of deiodinase enzymes, which catalyze the removal of iodine atoms from thyroid hormones. In these assays, the enzyme is incubated with L-Thyronine and appropriate cofactors, and the reaction products are analyzed by HPLC or mass spectrometry. The compound's solubility in aqueous mediums facilitates its use in these biochemical assays. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems (pH 7.4), with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for L-Thyronine are performed using cultured cells that express thyroid hormone receptors, such as hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, or neuronal cells. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with L-Thyronine at various concentrations (typically 0.1-100 μM) for 24-72 hours. Following treatment, cells are harvested, and various endpoints are measured, including gene expression (by qPCR or RNA-seq), protein levels (by western blotting), mitochondrial content (by MitoTracker staining or measurement of mitochondrial DNA), and nitric oxide production (by Griess assay). Cell viability is routinely monitored using MTT or CCK-8 assays to ensure that observed effects are not due to cytotoxicity. The compound's effects on energy metabolism are assessed by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) or extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) using a Seahorse analyzer. In studies of thyroid hormone action, L-Thyronine is used as a negative control to distinguish TR-mediated effects from non-TR-mediated effects. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, T3-treated cells, and vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution and diluted in culture medium to the desired final concentration, with the final DMSO concentration kept below 0.1% to avoid solvent effects.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with L-Thyronine are limited because the compound is primarily used as a research tool rather than a therapeutic agent. However, in studies of thyroid hormone action, L-Thyronine is sometimes administered to rodents as a control compound. Typically, 8-12 week old male or female rats or mice are used, and the compound is administered via intraperitoneal injection or oral gavage at doses ranging from 0.1-10 mg/kg. Following administration, various physiological parameters are monitored, including body temperature, metabolic rate (by indirect calorimetry), heart rate, and activity levels. Blood samples are collected to measure thyroid hormone levels and other biochemical markers. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain) are collected for analysis. Gene expression is measured by qPCR, and protein levels are measured by western blotting. Mitochondrial content is assessed by measuring mitochondrial DNA or by electron microscopy. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. The compound is formulated for administration using appropriate vehicles such as saline or DMSO/PEG mixtures, in which it is soluble. Endpoints include physiological parameters, biochemical markers, and histopathological examination.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of L-Thyronine are characteristic of a small, moderately lipophilic molecule. With a molecular weight of approximately 273 g/mol, the compound is expected to be well-absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally. L-Thyronine displays solubility in aqueous mediums, which facilitates its absorption and distribution. Following absorption, the compound is distributed to tissues, where it binds to cellular receptors and exerts its effects. The compound is metabolized through hepatic pathways, likely involving conjugation and oxidation reactions. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short compared to iodinated thyroid hormones, which have longer half-lives due to their higher protein binding. L-Thyronine is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The compound's lack of iodine atoms means it is not subject to the same deiodination pathways as T3 and T4. Its pharmacokinetic profile makes it a useful tool for studying the pharmacokinetics of thyroid hormone analogs and for distinguishing the effects of iodination on drug disposition. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of L-Thyronine has not been extensively characterized in formal toxicology studies. As a non-iodinated thyroid hormone backbone, it lacks the thyromimetic activity of iodinated thyroid hormones and is therefore considered to have a lower risk of toxicity. The compound is inactive at rat GABAA receptors with an IC₅₀ greater than 100 μM, indicating low potential for neurotoxicity through this pathway. In cell-based assays, the compound has been shown to increase the number of mitochondria in cells and regulate nitric oxide production, effects that are generally considered beneficial rather than toxic. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have not been reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. As with all chemicals, ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact should be avoided. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture. The absence of reported severe adverse effects in published studies suggests a favorable safety profile, but formal toxicological characterization would be required for clinical development.
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| Additional Infomation |
Levothyroxine is a type of thyroid hormone. Thyroxines are a group of metabolic products formed by the removal of iodine atoms from the thyroid nucleus through peripheral enzymatic action of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Thyroxine is the product of the removal of four iodine atoms from the thyroid nucleus.
L-Thyronine is a valuable research tool for studying thyroid hormone structure-activity relationships, receptor binding, and cellular metabolism. It is commonly used as a non-iodinated scaffold control in studies of thyroid hormone and its analogues. The compound is inactive at rat GABAA receptors with an IC₅₀ greater than 100 μM. It facilitates varied biochemical explorations, including enzyme kinetics and receptor binding analyses, due to its solubility in aqueous mediums. Its significance in researching oxidative stress mechanisms stems from its structure and reactivity patterns. Frequently employed in endocrinological studies, L-Thyronine's conformational dynamics offer insights into hormone-receptor interactions within metabolic pathways. L-Thyronine binds to receptors on cells and activates them, stimulating energy production. It also increases the number of mitochondria in cells and regulates the production of nitric oxide, which plays an important role in vascular relaxation. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its role as a non-iodinated thyroid hormone backbone makes it an essential reference compound for understanding the structure-activity relationships of iodinated thyroid hormone analogs and for studying the role of iodine in thyroid hormone action. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H15NO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
273.28
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| Exact Mass |
273.1
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| CAS # |
1596-67-4
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| PubChem CID |
5461103
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
477.7±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
255 °C
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| Flash Point |
242.7±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.634
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| LogP |
2.25
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
307
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)OC2=CC=C(C=C2)O
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| InChi Key |
KKCIOUWDFWQUBT-AWEZNQCLSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H15NO4/c16-14(15(18)19)9-10-1-5-12(6-2-10)20-13-7-3-11(17)4-8-13/h1-8,14,17H,9,16H2,(H,18,19)/t14-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenyl]propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.6593 mL | 18.2963 mL | 36.5925 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7319 mL | 3.6593 mL | 7.3185 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3659 mL | 1.8296 mL | 3.6593 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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