| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
|
||
| 1g |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
DL-Glutamic acid targets glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. L-Glutamic acid is one of the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitters in the vertebrate nervous system. It acts on ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Activation of these receptors mediates fast excitatory synaptic transmission and is involved in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. However, excessive activation of glutamate receptors can lead to excitotoxicity, which is implicated in various neurological disorders. Glutamic acid is also a precursor for the synthesis of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. As a racemic mixture, DL-glutamic acid contains both the D- and L-enantiomers. The L-enantiomer is the biologically active form, while the D-enantiomer may have different biological properties.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, DL-glutamic acid is used in studies of glutamate receptors, neurotransmitter metabolism, and excitotoxicity. In cell-based assays, DL-glutamic acid is added to cell culture media to study its effects on neuronal function and survival. Neuronal cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with DL-glutamic acid at various concentrations for varying periods. Following treatment, cell viability, calcium influx, and receptor activation are measured. DL-Glutamic acid is also used in studies of excitotoxicity, where excessive glutamate causes neuronal cell death. The compound is used as a standard or reference compound in analytical chemistry for the identification and quantification of glutamic acid in biological samples. In biochemical assays, DL-glutamic acid is used as a substrate for enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, L-glutamic acid is one of the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitters in the vertebrate nervous system. It plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. Glutamic acid is also a precursor for the synthesis of GABA. DL-Glutamic acid is used as a research chemical for studying amino acid metabolism and neurotransmission. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported for the racemic mixture. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's physiological role and therapeutic potential.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro receptor binding assays for DL-glutamic acid typically involve the use of glutamate receptors. Membrane preparations from cells expressing glutamate receptors are incubated with radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled ligands in the presence of varying concentrations of DL-glutamic acid. The binding affinity (IC₅₀ or Ki) is determined from competitive binding curves. For functional assays, cells expressing glutamate receptors are treated with DL-glutamic acid, and downstream signaling is measured. For example, calcium influx is measured using fluorescent calcium indicators, and receptor-mediated currents are measured by electrophysiology. In enzyme assays, DL-glutamic acid is used as a substrate for enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase. The enzyme is incubated with DL-glutamic acid and appropriate cofactors, and the formation of products is measured. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems, with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.
|
| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for DL-glutamic acid are performed using neuronal cell lines or primary neuronal cultures to study its effects on neuronal function. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with DL-glutamic acid at various concentrations (typically 1-1000 µM) for varying periods. Following treatment, cell viability is assessed using MTT, LDH, or trypan blue exclusion assays. Calcium influx is measured using fluorescent calcium indicators (e.g., Fura-2, Fluo-4). Receptor activation is assessed by measuring downstream signaling pathways (e.g., MAPK, CREB) by western blotting. For studies of excitotoxicity, cells are treated with DL-glutamic acid and cell death is assessed. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in water or buffer for use in these assays, due to its high solubility.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with DL-glutamic acid are conducted in mouse or rat models of neurological disorders or excitotoxicity. Typically, rodents are used, and the compound is administered via intracerebral injection, intraperitoneal injection, or oral gavage at doses ranging from 1-100 mg/kg. In models of excitotoxicity, DL-glutamic acid is injected into the brain to induce neuronal damage, and the effects of potential neuroprotective agents are assessed. In models of neurological disorders, DL-glutamic acid is used to study the role of glutamate in disease pathology. Blood and tissue samples are collected to measure compound concentrations and biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. Endpoints include neuronal damage, behavioral outcomes, and histopathological scores.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of DL-glutamic acid are characteristic of a polar amino acid. With a molecular weight of 147.13 g/mol and high water solubility, the compound is expected to be well-absorbed following oral administration. However, glutamic acid is extensively metabolized in the gut and liver, and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier is limited. Following absorption, the compound is distributed to tissues and metabolized through amino acid metabolic pathways. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short (hours) due to rapid metabolism and clearance. The compound is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of DL-glutamic acid may be influenced by factors such as renal function and metabolic rate.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of DL-glutamic acid is related to its properties as an excitatory neurotransmitter. While glutamic acid is essential for normal brain function, excessive glutamate can cause excitotoxicity, leading to neuronal cell death. This is implicated in various neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. As with all chemicals, ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact should be avoided.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid formed by introducing an amino substituent at the 2-position of glutaric acid. It is an important metabolite. Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid and also a polar amino acid. It contains a 2-carboxyethyl group. It is the conjugate acid of glutamic acid (1-). DL-glutamic acid has been reported to exist in Drosophila melanogaster, white clover, and some other organisms with relevant data. Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid, naturally occurring in its L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. See also: Glutamic acid (note moved to).
DL-Glutamic acid is a valuable research tool for studying neurotransmission, excitotoxicity, and amino acid metabolism. It is the racemic mixture of the D- and L-enantiomers of glutamic acid. Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid that serves as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is a precursor for the synthesis of GABA. The compound has the molecular formula C₅H₉NO₄ and a molecular weight of 147.13 g/mol. DL-Glutamic acid is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. L-Glutamic acid is one of the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitters in the vertebrate nervous system. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its role as a neurotransmitter and excitotoxicity inducer makes it a useful tool for studying neurological disorders and neuroprotection. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H9NO4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
147.13
|
| Exact Mass |
147.053
|
| CAS # |
617-65-2
|
| Related CAS # |
DL-Glutamic acid-d5;14341-79-8;DL-Glutamic acid-d3;96927-56-9
|
| PubChem CID |
611
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
333.8±32.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
194ºC
|
| Flash Point |
155.7±25.1 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.522
|
| LogP |
-1.43
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
10
|
| Complexity |
145
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O)O)N
|
| InChi Key |
WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)
|
| Chemical Name |
2-aminopentanedioic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 1 mg/mL (6.80 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.7967 mL | 33.9836 mL | 67.9671 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3593 mL | 6.7967 mL | 13.5934 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6797 mL | 3.3984 mL | 6.7967 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03180775
Conditions:Atherosclerosis|Diet Modification|Serum; DiseaseProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
