| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
Cyclic GMP targets multiple downstream effectors to mediate its biological effects. It interacts with cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG), cGMP-regulated channels, and cGMP-regulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Through activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, cyclic GMP modulates the phosphorylation of various substrate proteins involved in smooth muscle relaxation, vascular tone, and platelet function. Through modulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, cyclic GMP regulates ion flux and neuronal signaling. Through regulation of phosphodiesterases, cyclic GMP modulates the levels of other cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP. Cyclic GMP is generated from guanosine triphosphate by guanylate cyclases in response to extracellular stimuli such as nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides. It plays a central role in transducing signaling pathways that regulate diverse physiological processes. Cyclic GMP is critically involved in cardiovascular homeostasis, sensory perception, and cellular proliferation and apoptosis. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, cyclic GMP sodium is used as a second messenger to study signal transduction pathways. It is widely used in cell-based assays to investigate nitric oxide-mediated signaling and downstream kinase activation, with activity typically observed across nanomolar to micromolar concentration ranges depending on assay context and target engagement. In cell-based assays, cyclic GMP is added to cell culture media to study its effects on smooth muscle relaxation, vascular tone, neuronal signaling, and platelet function. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with cyclic GMP at various concentrations (typically 0.1-100 μM) for varying periods. Following treatment, downstream signaling pathways (e.g., PKG activation, ion channel modulation) are measured. The compound's ability to inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation further supports its relevance in thrombosis and vascular biology research. Cyclic GMP serves as a fundamental tool in cell-based assays and drug discovery programs aimed at elucidating mechanisms underlying cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic disorders.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, cyclic GMP sodium is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger that plays a central role in transducing signaling pathways that regulate diverse physiological processes. It is generated from guanosine triphosphate by guanylate cyclases in response to extracellular stimuli such as nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides. Cyclic GMP is critically involved in cardiovascular homeostasis, sensory perception, and cellular proliferation and apoptosis. In animal models, cyclic GMP is used to study the role of nitric oxide signaling in cardiovascular regulation, neurotransmission, and immune function. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported for the sodium salt form. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's therapeutic potential and safety profile.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme and receptor binding assays for cyclic GMP sodium typically involve the use of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG), cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, and phosphodiesterases. For PKG activation assays, the enzyme is incubated with cyclic GMP and a substrate peptide, and the phosphorylation of the substrate is measured by radioactivity or by using phospho-specific antibodies. For ion channel assays, cyclic GMP is applied to patch-clamped cells or membrane patches, and the modulation of ion channel activity is measured. For phosphodiesterase assays, the enzyme is incubated with cyclic GMP, and the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to GMP is measured by HPLC or by using a coupled enzyme assay. For guanylate cyclase assays, the enzyme is incubated with GTP, and the formation of cyclic GMP is measured by ELISA or by using a radiometric assay. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems, with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for cyclic GMP sodium are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on signal transduction pathways. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with cyclic GMP at various concentrations (typically 0.1-100 μM) for varying periods. Following treatment, downstream signaling pathways are measured. For studies of smooth muscle relaxation, vascular smooth muscle cells are treated with cyclic GMP, and cell contraction or relaxation is measured. For studies of platelet function, platelets are treated with cyclic GMP, and platelet aggregation is measured. For studies of neuronal signaling, neurons are treated with cyclic GMP, and neuronal activity is measured by electrophysiology or calcium imaging. For studies of nitric oxide signaling, cells are treated with a nitric oxide donor and cyclic GMP levels are measured. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in PBS or water for use in these assays, due to its high solubility (≤200 mg/mL in PBS pH 7.4).
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with cyclic GMP sodium are conducted in mouse or rat models of cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, or metabolic disorders. Typically, 6-8 week old rodents are used, and the compound is administered via intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, or local administration at doses ranging from 0.1-10 mg/kg. In models of cardiovascular disease, cyclic GMP is administered to study its effects on blood pressure, vascular tone, and cardiac function. In models of neurological disorders, cyclic GMP is administered to study its effects on neurotransmission and neuronal survival. In models of thrombosis, cyclic GMP is administered to study its effects on platelet function and thrombus formation. Blood samples are collected to measure compound concentrations and biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues are collected for histopathological examination. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. The compound is formulated for administration using appropriate vehicles such as saline or PBS, in which it is highly soluble. Endpoints include blood pressure, vascular tone, platelet aggregation, and histopathological scores.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of cyclic GMP sodium are characteristic of a small, polar nucleotide. With a molecular weight of 367.19 g/mol and a phosphate group, the compound is expected to have limited oral bioavailability. Following intravenous administration, the compound is rapidly distributed to tissues and metabolized through nucleotide metabolic pathways, including hydrolysis by phosphodiesterases. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short (minutes to hours) due to rapid metabolism and clearance. The compound is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of cyclic GMP may be influenced by its formulation and the route of administration. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of cyclic GMP sodium has not been extensively characterized in formal toxicology studies. As an endogenous second messenger, the compound is naturally present in the body and is essential for normal physiological function. However, dysregulation of cyclic GMP signaling has been associated with various diseases. In cell-based assays, cyclic GMP has been shown to regulate smooth muscle relaxation, platelet function, and neuronal signaling without causing significant cytotoxicity at low concentrations. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have not been reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. As with all chemicals, ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact should be avoided. The compound should be stored at -20°C.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)). A guanine nucleotide with both its 3' and 5' positions esterified with a glycosylation moiety and containing a phosphate group. It is a cellular regulator and is also considered a second messenger. Its levels rise in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin, and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th edition)
See also: Cyclic GMP (note moved to). Cyclic GMP sodium is a valuable research tool for studying signal transduction, cardiovascular biology, and neuroscience. It is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger generated from guanosine triphosphate by guanylate cyclases in response to extracellular stimuli such as nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides. Cyclic GMP has the molecular formula C₁₀H₁₁N₅NaO₇P and a molecular weight of 367.19 g/mol. It is also known as cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and guanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate. Cyclic GMP plays a central role in transducing signaling pathways that regulate diverse physiological processes. It exerts its biological effects through activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, modulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, and regulation of phosphodiesterases. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its role as a second messenger makes it an essential tool for studying cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic disorders. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H11N5NAO7P
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
367.19
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| Exact Mass |
367.029
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| CAS # |
40732-48-7
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| Related CAS # |
Cyclic GMP (TBAOH)
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| PubChem CID |
135445730
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
9
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
24
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| Complexity |
622
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C1[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)N3C=NC4=C3N=C(NC4=O)N)O)OP(=O)(O1)[O-].[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
KMPIYXNEROUNOG-GWTDSMLYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H12N5O7P.Na/c11-10-13-7-4(8(17)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-5(16)6-3(21-9)1-20-23(18,19)22-6;/h2-3,5-6,9,16H,1H2,(H,18,19)(H3,11,13,14,17);/q;+1/p-1/t3-,5-,6-,9-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;9-[(4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-7-hydroxy-2-oxido-2-oxo-4a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4H-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-6-yl]-2-amino-1H-purin-6-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 83.33 mg/mL (226.94 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7234 mL | 13.6169 mL | 27.2339 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5447 mL | 2.7234 mL | 5.4468 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2723 mL | 1.3617 mL | 2.7234 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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