NSC 42196 (calcium glucoheptonate) serves as a calcium supplement for the treatment of hypocalcemia. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in numerous physiological processes, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. The compound provides a source of calcium ions that can be utilized by the body to maintain normal calcium homeostasis. As a calcium salt of a sugar acid, it may be more bioavailable than other calcium salts. The compound is an endogenous metabolite, suggesting that it is naturally present in the body and involved in metabolic processes. Its role as a calcium supplement makes it useful for studying calcium metabolism and related disorders. The compound may also interact with calcium-binding proteins and transporters involved in calcium uptake and distribution.

In vitro, NSC 42196 is used as a calcium supplement for cell culture studies. The compound provides a source of calcium ions that can be added to cell culture media to maintain proper calcium levels. In cell-based assays, NSC 42196 is used to study the effects of calcium on cell function, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The compound is also used in studies of calcium signaling and calcium-dependent processes. As an endogenous metabolite, it may be used in metabolic studies to investigate the role of calcium in various metabolic pathways. In biochemical assays, NSC 42196 is used as a source of calcium for enzyme assays that require calcium as a cofactor. The compound's high purity (≥98%) ensures accurate and reproducible results in these experiments.

In vivo, NSC 42196 is used as a calcium supplement for the treatment of hypocalcemia. The compound is used to prevent or treat several conditions that may cause hypocalcemia (not enough calcium in the blood). Following administration, the compound provides a source of calcium ions that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. Calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. The compound's use as a calcium supplement makes it useful for studying calcium metabolism and related disorders in animal models. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use as a therapeutic agent. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's therapeutic potential and safety profile.

In vitro enzyme assays for NSC 42196 are not typically performed, as the compound is primarily used as a calcium supplement. However, the compound can be used in enzymatic assays that require calcium as a cofactor. For example, in assays of calcium-dependent enzymes such as protein kinase C or calpain, NSC 42196 can be used as a source of calcium ions. The enzyme is incubated with NSC 42196 and other substrates, and the enzyme activity is measured. In assays of calcium binding proteins, NSC 42196 can be used to study the binding of calcium to proteins. The compound's high purity ensures accurate and reproducible results in these biochemical assays. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems, with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.

In vitro cell-based assays for NSC 42196 are performed using various cell lines to study the effects of calcium on cell function. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with NSC 42196 at various concentrations (typically 0.1-10 mM) for 24-72 hours. Following treatment, cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or trypan blue exclusion assays. For studies of calcium signaling, intracellular calcium levels are measured using fluorescent calcium indicators (e.g., Fura-2, Fluo-4). For studies of cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle analysis and differentiation markers are measured. For studies of apoptosis, caspase activity and Annexin V staining are measured. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in water or buffer for use in these assays, due to its high solubility in H₂O.

In vivo animal experiments with NSC 42196 are conducted in mouse or rat models of hypocalcemia or calcium metabolism disorders. Typically, 6-8 week old rodents are used, and the compound is administered via oral gavage or intravenous injection at doses ranging from 10-100 mg/kg. In models of hypocalcemia, calcium levels are depleted (e.g., by dietary restriction or by administration of calcium chelators), and NSC 42196 is administered to restore calcium levels. Serum calcium levels are measured at various time points. In models of bone disorders, NSC 42196 is administered to study its effects on bone formation and mineralization. Blood samples are collected to measure compound concentrations, calcium levels, and biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues are collected for histopathological examination. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. The compound is formulated for administration using appropriate vehicles such as saline or water, in which it is soluble. Endpoints include serum calcium levels, bone density, and histopathological scores.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Absorbed rapidly after oral administration.

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The pharmacokinetic properties of NSC 42196 are characteristic of a calcium salt of a sugar acid. Following oral or intravenous administration, the compound is absorbed and distributed throughout the body, providing a source of calcium ions. Calcium is an essential mineral that is involved in numerous physiological processes. The compound is metabolized through metabolic pathways, releasing calcium ions that can be utilized by the body. The elimination half-life is determined by the rate of calcium homeostasis and renal excretion. The pharmacokinetics of NSC 42196 may be influenced by factors such as calcium status, vitamin D levels, and renal function. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

The toxicological profile of NSC 42196 is generally favorable, as calcium is an essential mineral that is required for normal physiological function. However, excessive calcium intake can lead to hypercalcemia, which can cause kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias, and other adverse effects. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use as a therapeutic agent. In cell-based assays, NSC 42196 has been shown to be well-tolerated at concentrations typically used for calcium supplementation. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have not been reported. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. As with all chemicals, ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact should be avoided. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture.

Calcium supplements, such as calcium gluconate, are suitable for people who do not get enough calcium from their daily diet or need to supplement with more calcium. They are used to prevent or treat a variety of conditions that can lead to hypocalcemia (insufficient calcium in the blood). The body needs calcium to strengthen bones. Calcium is also essential for the normal functioning of the heart, muscles, and nervous system.
See also: Calcium gluconate (note moved to).

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Indications
For the treatment of neonatal tetany, tetany caused by insufficiency of parathyroid glands or vitamin D deficiency, and mild hypocalcemia caused by alkalosis; as a preventative measure for hypocalcemia during exchange transfusions; for the treatment of malabsorption; and for electrolyte supplementation.

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Mechanism of Action
Calcium gluconate replenishes the body's depleted calcium levels, restoring them to normal.

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Pharmacodynamics
Calcium supplements (such as calcium gluconate) are suitable for people who cannot get enough calcium from their daily diet or need to supplement with more calcium. They are used to prevent or treat a variety of conditions that can lead to hypocalcemia (insufficient calcium in the blood). The human body needs calcium to strengthen bones. Calcium is also essential for the proper functioning of the heart, muscles, and nervous system. Bones are where the body stores calcium. They constantly release calcium into the bloodstream and replenish it according to the body's daily calcium needs. When the calcium level in the blood is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and other organs, the body draws the necessary calcium from the bones. Eating calcium-rich foods can replenish the calcium in the bones, thus maintaining a calcium balance between the blood and bones.

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NSC 42196 (calcium glucoheptonate) is a valuable research tool for studying calcium metabolism, bone biology, and related disorders. It is the calcium salt of (2xi)-D-gluco-heptonic acid. The compound is an endogenously produced metabolite. NSC 42196 has the molecular formula C₁₄H₂₆CaO₁₆ and a molecular weight of 490.42 g/mol. It is used as a calcium supplement for the treatment of hypocalcemia. The compound is supplied as a high-purity research chemical (≥98% purity) and is soluble in H₂O (10 mM). NSC 42196 is used to prevent or treat several conditions that may cause hypocalcemia. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its role as a calcium supplement makes it a useful tool for studying calcium metabolism, bone biology, and related disorders.

C14H26CAO16

490.42

490.085

17140-60-2

87-74-1 (Parent)

28327

White to off-white solid powder

727.8ºC at 760mmHg

407.9ºC

12

16

10

31

202

10

C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O)O.[Ca+2]

FATUQANACHZLRT-XBQZYUPDSA-L

InChI=1S/2C7H14O8.Ca/c2*8-1-2(9)3(10)4(11)5(12)6(13)7(14)15;/h2*2-6,8-13H,1H2,(H,14,15);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-,6-;/m11./s1

calcium;(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanoate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O: 100 mg/mL (203.91 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)