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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone itself does not have a specific primary biological target, as it is primarily utilized as a synthetic building block rather than a direct-acting pharmacological agent. However, its derivatives have been investigated for various biological activities. The compound functions as a competitive inhibitor of chloride ion and reacts with chlorine to form an oxetane ring structure. Research indicates that derivatives of this compound have shown efficacy against bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, suggesting potential antimicrobial mechanisms. Additionally, certain derivatives have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), indicating potential in treating inflammatory diseases. Neuroprotective effects have also been observed, with derivatives protecting neuronal cells from oxidative stress, which is relevant for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. In organophosphate poisoning models, derivatives of this compound have been shown to reactivate acetylcholinesterase, improving recovery rates in animal models.
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| ln Vitro |
In the making of plastics, 4,4'-Dihydroxybiphenyl is utilized. utilized in the creation of polyether liquid crystals as intermediates and laboratory reagents. Moreover, latex and rubber employ it as an antioxidant. Furthermore, it finds application in food packaging, medicinal latex products, and light-colored rubber goods.
In vitro studies have demonstrated that 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone inhibits cancer cells in a stepwise manner by reacting with reactive organic compounds. Its derivatives have shown significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) reported as low as 32 µg/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity has been demonstrated in vitro, with certain derivatives reducing TNF-α levels by 50% compared to controls in experimental inflammation models. The compound has also been investigated for its role as a competitive inhibitor of chloride ion transport. In biochemical research, it serves as a reagent for studying enzyme inhibition mechanisms and as a substrate for tissue culture applications. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies are limited for the parent compound, as it is primarily used as a chemical intermediate. However, derivatives of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone have been evaluated in animal models. A significant study demonstrated that administering a derivative of this compound as an oxime significantly improved recovery rates in rats subjected to organophosphate toxicity by reactivating acetylcholinesterase within a critical timeframe post-exposure. Neuroprotective derivatives have shown potential in protecting neuronal cells from oxidative stress in animal models relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. The compound's derivatives have also been tested in inflammatory models, where they demonstrated the ability to reduce inflammatory markers. These in vivo findings suggest that while the parent compound is not directly administered, its derivatives hold promise for therapeutic applications in organophosphate poisoning, inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free assays involving 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone are not well-established, as the compound functions primarily as a synthetic intermediate. However, it can be used as a substrate in enzymatic studies, particularly those involving ketone reductases or oxidases that catalyze the conversion of cyclohexanone derivatives. Standard protocols for studying its reactivity involve mixing the compound with various reagents in organic solvents under controlled conditions to monitor reaction progress by TLC or HPLC. For enzyme inhibition studies, the compound or its derivatives are incubated with target enzymes (e.g., acetylcholinesterase) in buffer solutions, and the enzymatic activity is measured spectrophotometrically using chromogenic substrates. The compound's ketone group allows it to participate in condensation reactions with hydroxylamines to form oximes, which can be used to study enzyme reactivation mechanisms.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays are not commonly performed with 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone itself due to its primary role as a chemical reagent. However, its derivatives have been evaluated in various cellular systems. For antimicrobial activity, derivatives are tested against bacterial cultures such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using standard broth microdilution methods to determine MIC values. For anti-inflammatory studies, cell lines such as macrophages are treated with derivatives, and cytokine levels (e.g., TNF-α) are measured by ELISA. Neuroprotective effects are evaluated in neuronal cell cultures exposed to oxidative stress, with cell viability measured using MTT or similar assays. Cancer cell lines have been used to study the antiproliferative effects of derivatives, with cell viability and apoptosis markers being assessed. These cellular assays typically involve treating cells with varying concentrations of the test compound for 24-72 hours, followed by appropriate endpoint measurements.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal studies are not typically conducted with 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone itself due to its role as a chemical intermediate. However, its derivatives have been evaluated in vivo. In organophosphate toxicity models, rats are administered organophosphate compounds to induce toxicity, followed by treatment with oxime derivatives of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone. Recovery rates and acetylcholinesterase reactivation are measured within a critical timeframe post-exposure. In inflammatory disease models, animals are treated with derivatives and inflammatory markers such as TNF-α are measured. For neuroprotective studies, animal models of neurodegenerative diseases are used to evaluate the protective effects of derivatives against oxidative stress. These studies typically involve oral or intraperitoneal administration of test compounds, with appropriate control groups, and assessment of behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological endpoints.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone are not well characterized, as the compound is primarily used as a synthetic intermediate rather than a drug candidate. As a small lipophilic ketone with a molecular weight of 126.2 g/mol and an estimated LogP of approximately 1.79, it is expected to have moderate membrane permeability and is likely to be absorbed through biological membranes. The compound is likely metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes via oxidation of the cyclohexane ring or reduction of the ketone group to form alcohol metabolites. Excretion is expected to occur primarily through renal pathways following conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate. The compound's derivatives may have different pharmacokinetic profiles depending on their specific chemical modifications. For research purposes, the compound is typically handled as a neat chemical and not administered to living organisms for pharmacokinetic studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for 4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone are limited, as the compound is primarily a research chemical and synthetic intermediate rather than a pharmaceutical agent. The compound is classified with moderate hazard, and acute toxicity studies on related cyclohexanones suggest potential for skin and eye irritation. Appropriate safety precautions are required for handling, including the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves and safety goggles. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry place away from oxidizing agents. For derivatives of this compound, toxicological profiles may vary; for example, the oxime derivatives used in organophosphate poisoning studies have demonstrated acceptable safety profiles in animal models. The compound is not classified as a carcinogen or mutagen based on available data, but comprehensive toxicological evaluation has not been performed. As with all research chemicals, it should be handled with care and used only in well-ventilated areas.
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| Additional Infomation |
4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone is primarily a research chemical and synthetic intermediate, not an approved drug. It has no clinical trial or marketing approval status for therapeutic use. The compound is supplied as a high-purity biochemical reagent (≥95%) for life science research and organic synthesis. In medicinal chemistry, it is being investigated for its potential therapeutic applications, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. The compound can be synthesized through several methods, including alkylation of cyclohexanone with methyl iodide in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydride, or via catalytic hydrogenation of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexene using a metal catalyst like palladium on carbon under high pressure and temperature. Industrial production typically employs the catalytic hydrogenation route for large-scale synthesis. The compound should be stored at -20°C for long-term stability.
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| Molecular Formula |
C8H14O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
126.20
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| Exact Mass |
126.104
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| CAS # |
4255-62-3
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| PubChem CID |
138166
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
0.9±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
170.6±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
41-45ºC
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| Flash Point |
50.1±10.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.5±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.438
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| LogP |
1.79
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
9
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| Complexity |
113
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H]
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| InChi Key |
PXQMSTLNSHMSJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H14O/c1-8(2)5-3-7(9)4-6-8/h3-6H2,1-2H3
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| Chemical Name |
4,4-dimethylcyclohexan-1-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.9239 mL | 39.6197 mL | 79.2393 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5848 mL | 7.9239 mL | 15.8479 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7924 mL | 3.9620 mL | 7.9239 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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