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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Xanthan gum possesses a variety of anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and immunomodulatory activities. It is capable of stimulating the in vitro expansion of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. The compound's mechanism of action is primarily through its immunomodulatory effects, although the exact molecular targets are not fully elucidated. It is classified as targeting "Others" in bioactivity databases.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, xanthan gum is used as a biochemical reagent and research tool. It has been shown to possess anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and immunomodulatory activities. The compound is capable of stimulating the in vitro expansion of CIK cells. It mimics the texture of lipids and is used as a control in experiments where signaling pathways initiated by consumption of lipid-containing reagents are investigated.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, xanthan gum is used as a food additive and as a control in mouse experiments investigating lipid signaling pathways. It forms stable drug suspensions in aqueous media, which can be used for oral drug delivery. The compound's immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities suggest potential for in vivo applications, but specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are not well-documented in the public literature.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro immunomodulatory assays, xanthan gum is evaluated for its effects on immune cell proliferation and cytokine production. Immune cells (e.g., CIK cells, macrophages) are cultured with the compound at various concentrations (typically 0.1-100 µg/mL) for 24-72 hours. Cell proliferation is measured using MTT or CFSE assays. Cytokine production (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) is quantified by ELISA. The compound's ability to stimulate CIK cell expansion is assessed by flow cytometry.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based experiments, xanthan gum can be evaluated for its effects on cancer cell lines. Cancer cells are seeded in 96-well plates and treated with the compound at various concentrations for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or resazurin-based assays. The compound's anti-tumor activity is assessed by measuring inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Antiviral activity can be assessed using plaque reduction assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies using xanthan gum are typically conducted to evaluate its immunomodulatory or anti-tumor effects. Standard in vivo protocols involve administration to rodents via oral gavage (as a food additive) or intraperitoneal injection. In tumor models, mice bearing tumors are treated with xanthan gum and tumor volume is measured over time. In immunomodulation studies, immune cell populations and cytokine levels are measured in blood and tissues.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
This study used 14C-labeled molecules to evaluate the skin permeability of the oxidative dye 2,4-diaminophenoxyethanol, alone or in combination with other dyes, under experimental conditions in hairless rats. Results showed that, four days after topical application of the dye to the experimental animals, no dye fixation that could cross the skin barrier was found in their liver or thyroid gland. Pharmacokinetic properties of xanthan gum are not well-characterized. As a high molecular weight polysaccharide, it is not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The compound is primarily used as a food additive and drug delivery excipient rather than as a systemically administered drug. Its pharmacokinetics would be determined by its physical properties as a polymer rather than by traditional drug-like ADME parameters. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Xanthan gum is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a food additive. It is considered to have low toxicity and is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. The compound may cause mild gastrointestinal effects at high doses. Specific LD₅₀ values and acute toxicity classifications are available from safety data sheets. The compound is for research and food use, not for human therapeutic applications as a drug.
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| Additional Infomation |
See also: Xanthan Gum (note moved to).
Xanthan gum (CAS 11138-66-2) is a microbial polysaccharide and food additive, not an FDA-approved pharmaceutical drug. Its primary applications are as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in food and pharmaceutical formulations. The compound possesses anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and immunomodulatory activities and is used in research for these properties. It is also used as a control in lipid signaling experiments. No clinical trials or approved indications exist for this compound as a drug. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H14CL2N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
241.1150
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| Exact Mass |
240.043
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| CAS # |
11138-66-2
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| Related CAS # |
70643-19-5 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
47932
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
132
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
VXYWXJXCQSDNHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H12N2O2.2ClH/c9-6-1-2-8(7(10)5-6)12-4-3-11;;/h1-2,5,11H,3-4,9-10H2;2*1H
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| Chemical Name |
2-(2,4-diaminophenoxy)ethanol;dihydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 2.5 mg/mL
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.1473 mL | 20.7366 mL | 41.4731 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8295 mL | 4.1473 mL | 8.2946 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4147 mL | 2.0737 mL | 4.1473 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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