| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Hydroxyethyl starch does not have a defined pharmacological target. Its mechanism of action is physical: it exerts an oncotic pressure that draws fluid from the interstitial space into the intravascular compartment, thereby expanding plasma volume. The compound is used to restore blood volume in patients with hypovolemia due to hemorrhage, surgery, or trauma. It is also used in hemodilution and as a component of organ preservation solutions.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, hydroxyethyl starch is used in studies of blood coagulation and pharmacokinetics. Its effects on platelet function, coagulation parameters, and blood viscosity are evaluated in vitro using whole blood or platelet-rich plasma. The compound is also used in research on colloidal osmotic pressure and capillary permeability.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, hydroxyethyl starch is administered intravenously as a plasma volume expander. It increases intravascular volume by drawing fluid from the interstitial space. The compound is used in the treatment of hypovolemia, shock, and during surgery to maintain blood pressure. Its effects on blood coagulation and pharmacokinetics have been studied in clinical settings. HES solutions with low impact on blood coagulation are of clinical interest.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro coagulation studies, hydroxyethyl starch is evaluated for its effects on blood coagulation parameters. Standard protocols involve adding HES solutions to whole blood or platelet-rich plasma and measuring coagulation parameters using thromboelastography (TEG), rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), or standard coagulation assays (PT, aPTT). Platelet function is assessed using aggregometry.
|
| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based experiments, hydroxyethyl starch is not typically used directly in cell culture. It is a colloid used for plasma volume expansion and is not added to cell cultures as a test compound. The compound may be used in studies of endothelial cell function and capillary permeability.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies using hydroxyethyl starch are conducted to evaluate its pharmacokinetics, volume-expanding effects, and impact on blood coagulation. Standard protocols involve intravenous administration to rodents or larger animals. Blood samples are collected at various time points to measure HES concentration, coagulation parameters, and hemodynamic variables. The compound's pharmacokinetics and effects on blood coagulation are assessed.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Peak concentration (C(max), 4.34 mg/mL). Approximately 62% of HES is excreted in urine as hydroxyethyl starch molecules within 72 hours. 5.9 L. 31.4 mL/min Metabolism / Metabolites When administered intravenously, molecules smaller than the kidney threshold (60,000-70,000 Daltons) are readily and rapidly excreted in the urine, while larger molecules are metabolized by plasma α-amylase before being excreted through the kidneys. Biological Half-Life The terminal half-life is 16.1 hours. The elimination half-life is 12 hours. Pharmacokinetics of hydroxyethyl starch is complex and depends on molecular weight, molar substitution degree, and substitution pattern (C2/C6 ratio). The compound is administered intravenously and is excreted renally. The half-life is approximately 1.4 hours. HES is metabolized by α-amylase in the blood, and the remaining fraction is eliminated by the kidneys. Pharmacokinetic parameters vary with different HES formulations. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Protein Binding
No data found. Hydroxyethyl starch is a pharmaceutical colloid with a well-established safety profile for intravenous use. However, it has been associated with risks of coagulopathy, renal impairment, and anaphylactic reactions. The compound is contraindicated in patients with severe coagulopathy, renal failure, and hypersensitivity to starches. Specific LD₅₀ values and acute toxicity classifications are available from safety data sheets. |
| Additional Infomation |
See also: Starch, 2-hydroxyethyl ether, alkaline hydrolysis (note moved to).
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES, CAS 9005-27-0) is an FDA-approved plasma volume expander and pharmaceutical colloid. Its primary applications are in the treatment of hypovolemia due to hemorrhage, surgery, or trauma. HES is also used in hemodilution and organ preservation solutions. Clinical trials have evaluated its safety and efficacy in various patient populations. |
| Molecular Formula |
C22H44O17
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
580.5746
|
| Exact Mass |
580.257
|
| CAS # |
9005-27-0
|
| PubChem CID |
16213095
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
10
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
17
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
17
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
39
|
| Complexity |
497
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
10
|
| SMILES |
C(COC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)OCCO)OCCO)OCCO)OCCO)O.C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
DNZMDASEFMLYBU-RNBXVSKKSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H32O11.C6H12O6/c17-1-6-22-11-12-13(23-7-2-18)14(24-8-3-19)15(25-9-4-20)16(27-12)26-10-5-21;7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h12-21H,1-11H2;2-11H,1H2/t12-,13-,14+,15-,16+;2-,3-,4+,5-,6+/m11/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol;2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5,6-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethoxy)oxan-2-yl]methoxy]ethanol
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7224 mL | 8.6122 mL | 17.2245 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3445 mL | 1.7224 mL | 3.4449 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1722 mL | 0.8612 mL | 1.7224 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02192502
Conditions:Postoperative Kidney InjuryLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03420261
Conditions:Postoperative Morbidity|Postoperative Mortality|Hemostasis ChangeLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02312999
Conditions:Surgery
Title:The Effects of Intravenous Fluids on Perfusion Index and Pleth Variability Index
Status:Completed
updateDate:2017-05-16
Ctid:NCT03048162
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03048162
Conditions:PerfusionLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02587078
Conditions:Severe SepsisLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01689506
Conditions:BurnsLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02009033
Conditions:Disorders of CoagulationLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00300040
Conditions:Peripheral Vascular DiseaseLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2011-000254-39
Condition:Anesthesia for esophageal resection because of malignancyLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2009-017595-25
Condition:Patients undergoing colorectal surgeryPatienten mit elektiven kolorektalen EingriffenLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2010-022816-38
Condition:Patients with elevated NT-proBNP as a sign of left ventricular dysfunction undergoing hipfracturesurgery.Link: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2009-014302-34
Condition:caesarean sectionLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2009-012088-32
Condition:Akustikusneurinom mit Indikation zur operativen TherapieLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2009-013872-29
Condition:Bowel cancers and other bowel diseases requiring surgical intervention.Link: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2009-009116-49
Condition:Major surgeryChirurgia maggioreLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2008-001561-28
Condition:Adult patients (>18 years) of both gender undergoing elective colorectal surgery (hemicolectomy left/right, sigmoid colectomy, rectal resection/amputation) without concomitant resection of liver metastasisLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2007-000729-24
Condition:Fluid/Plasma substitution during total hip replacementLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2007-002005-45
Condition:Brain traumaLink: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2005-005040-85
Condition:Intensive care patients after cardiac surgery requiring volume therapyProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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