| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Zymosan A is a TLR2 agonist that targets Toll-like receptors, particularly TLR2. By activating TLR2, it triggers downstream signaling cascades involving NF-κB and MAP kinases, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Through TLR2 and Wnt signaling pathways, Zymosan A upregulates ASCL2, promoting intestinal stem cell regeneration after radiation injury. This dual role in immune activation and tissue protection makes it a valuable tool for studying inflammation and tissue repair.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Zymosan A activates macrophages and other immune cells through TLR2 engagement, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β. It increases the level of cyclin D2, suggesting a role in macrophage activation and proliferation. Zymosan A is used in cell culture models to study innate immune responses, phagocytosis, and inflammatory signaling pathways. It is typically prepared as a suspension in PBS or culture media and added to cells at concentrations ranging from 10–100 µg/mL for various durations.
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| ln Vivo |
A mouse peritonitis model can be created using zymosan A in animal modeling. Mice's intestinal damage caused by IR is lessened by zymosan A (25.0 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection, 12 and 2 hours prior to IR stress)[1].
In vivo, Zymosan A is administered to mice via intraperitoneal injection at doses such as 25.0 mg/kg, given 12 hours and 2 hours before irradiation, to reduce intestinal injury caused by radiation. It is used to induce peritonitis, an inflammatory response, and can cause anorexia and elevated body temperature. Zymosan A exhibits significant radioprotective effects, protecting against IR-induced intestinal injury in mice. It promotes the regeneration of intestinal stem cells after injury. These in vivo applications make it a valuable tool for studying inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Zymosan A is not typically used in cell-free enzyme/receptor binding assays. Its biological activity is mediated through TLR2, a cell surface receptor, and is assessed in cell-based systems rather than in cell-free biochemical assays. However, binding of Zymosan A to TLR2 can be studied using surface plasmon resonance or ELISA-based binding assays with purified TLR2 protein immobilized on a sensor chip or plate.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, immune cells such as macrophages (e.g., RAW 264.7, THP-1) or primary peritoneal macrophages are cultured in DMEM or RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS. Zymosan A is prepared as a suspension in sterile PBS or culture media and added to cells at concentrations ranging from 10–100 µg/mL for 4–24 hours. Cytokine production (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) is measured by ELISA or qRT-PCR. Cell signaling pathways (NF-κB, MAPK) are analyzed by western blotting. Phagocytosis assays may also be performed using fluorescently labeled Zymosan A particles.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: 20.0 Gy abdominal irradiation (ABI) model in mice[1]
Doses: 25.0 mg/kg, dissolved in NS Route of Administration: IP; injection at 12 and 2 h before IR Experimental Results: Dramatically decreased the degree of bleeding and edema in the intestinal tissue. In vivo studies with Zymosan A are typically conducted in mice. For the peritonitis model, Zymosan A is injected intraperitoneally at doses of 1–25 mg/kg, and peritoneal exudate cells are collected after 4–24 hours for analysis of inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine production. For radioprotection studies, Zymosan A (25.0 mg/kg) is administered i.p. 12 hours and 2 hours before whole-body irradiation, and intestinal injury is assessed by histology and stem cell markers. Body temperature and food intake are monitored. All procedures follow institutional animal care guidelines. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Zymosan A is a biological macromolecule (polysaccharide) and is not subject to conventional small-molecule pharmacokinetic analysis. It is insoluble in water and is typically administered as a suspension. Its in vivo half-life and tissue distribution are not well characterized, as it is used as an immunological tool rather than a drug candidate. The compound is stable when stored as a dry powder at recommended conditions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Zymosan A has been characterized in the context of its use as an immunological tool. At high doses, it can induce severe inflammatory responses, including peritonitis, anorexia, and fever. The compound is not intended for therapeutic use in humans and is used exclusively for research purposes. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
A 25 kDa peptidase produced by Staphylococcus simulans can cleave the glycine-glycine bonds characteristic of the interpeptide cross-linking bridges in the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus.
See also: ... View more ... Zymosan A is not a drug but a widely used research tool in immunology and inflammation research. It is a TLR2 agonist derived from yeast cell walls that activates innate immune responses and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production. It is used to establish peritonitis models and to study inflammation, immune activation, and tissue repair. Its radioprotective effects and ability to promote intestinal stem cell regeneration make it valuable for studying radiation-induced injury and tissue repair mechanisms. It is not approved for clinical use. |
| Molecular Weight |
0
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|---|---|
| Exact Mass |
1330.776
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| CAS # |
58856-93-2
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| PubChem CID |
167312533
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
22
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
15
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
54
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| Heavy Atom Count |
93
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| Complexity |
2150
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
JITWMWVPQUZNBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C74H112Cl2N6O11/c1-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-40-67(84)89-54-61(55-90-68(85)41-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-2)92-69(86)48-57(3)38-37-39-58(4)49-70(87)93-71-63(75)50-60(51-64(71)76)53-91-74(88)82-47-44-62-72(78-56-79-73(62)82)80(6)65-52-81(46-43-59(65)5)66(83)42-45-77/h21-24,44,47,50-51,56-59,61,65H,7-20,25-43,46,48-49,52-55H2,1-6H3
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| Chemical Name |
1-O-[2,6-dichloro-4-[[4-[[1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl]-methylamino]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carbonyl]oxymethyl]phenyl] 9-O-[1,3-di(octadec-9-enoyloxy)propan-2-yl] 3,7-dimethylnonanedioate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 1.94 mg/mL
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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