| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The target of N-(alpha-Linolenoyl) tyrosine is the dopamine synthesis pathway in the CNS. By delivering tyrosine (the precursor of L-DOPA and dopamine) across the BBB via the fatty acid transport mechanism, NALT aims to enhance tyrosine availability in the brain. Tyrosine is then hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to L-DOPA, which is decarboxylated to dopamine. NALT does not directly inhibit or activate a specific receptor; rather, it acts as a prodrug or delivery vehicle. It is also a tyrosine derivative.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies (cell-based) are limited. NALT has been designed to improve cellular uptake of tyrosine via fatty acid transporters. In cell culture models (e.g., brain endothelial cells bEnd.3 or RBE4), NALT treatment (1-100 microM) should result in increased intracellular tyrosine and subsequent dopamine synthesis compared to free tyrosine controls. However, detailed IC50 or EC50 data are not publicly available. In enzyme assays, NALT is not a direct inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase or other enzymes.
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| ln Vivo |
No in vivo animal studies have been published for NALT. However, based on its design, researchers would evaluate NALT in rodent models of Parkinson's disease (e.g., 6-OHDA-lesioned rats or MPTP-treated mice). Typical endpoints would include tyrosine and dopamine levels in striatum by HPLC-ECD, and behavioral testing (e.g., amphetamine-induced rotation, pole test). Compared to L-DOPA, NALT may offer more sustained brain delivery and fewer peripheral side effects. No data are available.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The compound is not used in direct enzyme binding assays. For cellular uptake studies: Brain endothelial cells (e.g., bEnd.3) are seeded in Transwell inserts to form monolayers. NALT (10-100 microM) is added to the apical chamber. After 1-4 hours, basolateral chamber medium is collected, and tyrosine content is quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. Uptake in the presence of excess fatty acid (e.g., oleic acid) is compared to determine transporter involvement. No standard protocols exist.
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| Cell Assay |
For evaluating dopamine synthesis in cell-based assays: PC12 cells or SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells are differentiated with NGF (50 ng/mL) for 7 days. Cells are treated with NALT (1-50 microM) or tyrosine (1-50 microM) for 4-24 hours. The culture medium and cell lysates are collected, and dopamine and its metabolites (DOPAC, HVA) are measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity can be assessed by quantifying L-DOPA accumulation after inhibition of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (e.g., with NSD-1015 100 microM). No standard protocols for NALT exist.
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| Animal Protocol |
No animal protocols for NALT are available. For analogous prodrugs, typical rodent studies involve: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-10 weeks) are administered NALT (50-200 mg/kg) intraperitoneally or orally once daily for 5 days. Brain microdialysis probes are placed in the striatum. Dialysate is collected and analyzed for dopamine and metabolites by HPLC-ECD. For efficacy in Parkinson's models: 6-OHDA-lesioned rats receive NALT (50 mg/kg i.p.) daily for 14 days. Rotational behavior is assessed weekly. No data available.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No PK data are available for NALT. As a fatty acid-tyrosine conjugate, it is lipophilic (estimated logP ~5-6). It is expected to be absorbed orally (F% 30-60%), distributed into tissues (especially brain), and metabolized by beta-oxidation and peptide bond hydrolysis. Plasma half-life in rodents might be 2-4 hours. Major metabolites: alpha-linolenic acid, tyrosine, and their oxidation products. No formal ADME studies reported. Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; insoluble in water.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Safety profile: low acute toxicity expected (LD50 >2000 mg/kg). alpha-Linolenic acid is a dietary component, and tyrosine is an amino acid. May cause mild skin and eye irritation. Not classified as carcinogen or mutagen. However, at high doses, fatty acids can cause gastrointestinal distress. Use standard PPE (gloves, lab coat, goggles). Avoid inhalation of powder. Stable at -20degC.
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| Additional Infomation |
N-(α-linolenic acid)tyrosine is a derivative of tyrosine.
NLT is not a drug and has not undergone clinical trials. It is a research chemical designed as a prototype for CNS dopamine delivery. The concept is to use an omega-3 fatty acid as a molecular "Trojan horse" to transport tyrosine across the BBB. This approach is inspired by the discovery of the fatty acid transport protein (FATP) and the high demand for DHA in the brain. NALT is a tyrosine derivative and has potential applications in Parkinson's disease, ADHD, and depression where dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated. No approved drug exists for this approach; it remains in early research stages. Commercially available as a research chemical. |
| Molecular Formula |
C27H39NO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
441.60
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| Exact Mass |
441.288
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| CAS # |
259143-19-6
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| PubChem CID |
35020415
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| LogP |
6.484
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
17
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
589
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
DEQLZTQITSWABQ-GMOGWPNXSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C27H39NO4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-26(30)28-25(27(31)32)22-23-18-20-24(29)21-19-23/h3-4,6-7,9-10,18-21,25,29H,2,5,8,11-17,22H2,1H3,(H,28,30)(H,31,32)/b4-3-,7-6-,10-9-/t25-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]amino]propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.2645 mL | 11.3225 mL | 22.6449 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4529 mL | 2.2645 mL | 4.5290 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2264 mL | 1.1322 mL | 2.2645 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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