| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Furosine dihydrochloride functions as a marker compound rather than a drug with a defined therapeutic target. Its biological relevance stems from its formation as a product of the Maillard reaction, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and other age-related diseases. The compound's "target" in research contexts is the detection and quantification of early glycation products. In cell-based studies, furosine has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest at the S phase in HEK293 and HepG2 cells at a concentration of 200 µM, indicating its potential to interfere with cellular proliferation. However, it is not a pharmacological agent designed to modulate specific receptors or enzymes. Furosine is closely associated with many diseases including diabetes, and having a high concentration of AGEs in the body is considered harmful. The compound may break down gradually to produce a wide variety of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Fingernail levels of furosine are increased in patients with diabetes mellitus, suggesting its potential as a non-invasive biomarker for monitoring glycation status in diabetic patients.
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| ln Vitro |
Furosine may break down gradually to produce a wide variety of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It has been demonstrated that several AGEs are strongly linked to a number of illnesses, including diabetes, and that having a high concentration of AGEs in the body is harmful[1].
In vitro activity studies have demonstrated that furosine dihydrochloride induces cell cycle arrest at the S phase in HEK293 and HepG2 cells. The compound has been investigated for its role in various disease models, particularly diabetes, where it serves as a biomarker of protein glycation. As an amino acid analogue, furosine may interfere with normal lysine metabolism and protein function. However, the compound is primarily studied as a marker rather than for its intrinsic biological activity. Its presence in biological samples correlates with the extent of Maillard reaction products, making it a valuable indicator of advanced glycation end-product formation. In vitro assays typically involve the use of furosine as a reference standard in HPLC or LC-MS methods for quantifying Maillard reaction products. The compound's activity is assessed through its concentration measurements rather than through traditional pharmacological activity assays. Furosine has been shown to gradually degrade into various advanced glycation end products (AGEs), some of which are proven to be significantly associated with multiple diseases including diabetes. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of furosine dihydrochloride has not been extensively characterized as the compound is primarily used as an analytical standard and research reagent. It is not administered as a therapeutic agent in animal models. Studies have linked furosine levels to diabetes and related complications, suggesting that its accumulation in vivo may reflect underlying pathological processes. Furosine (500 mg/kg per day) has been reported to increase testicular atrophy and decrease testosterone levels in mice, indicating potential endocrine effects at high doses. However, these associations are observational rather than causative. The compound's role in disease is as a biomarker rather than an active pharmacological entity, and no established in vivo efficacy models exist for this compound. The compound is not intended for administration to animals as a therapeutic or investigative agent. Its primary application is as an analytical standard in food chemistry and glycation research.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme/receptor binding (non-cellular) experimental workflow for furosine dihydrochloride typically involves analytical chemistry procedures rather than binding assays. The compound is used as a reference standard in HPLC or LC-MS methods for quantifying Maillard reaction products in food and biological samples. A typical workflow includes preparing standard solutions of furosine dihydrochloride at various concentrations (typically 0.5-50 µg/mL in 0.1% formic acid), establishing calibration curves, and analyzing samples after acid hydrolysis to release bound furosine. Detection is commonly performed using UV absorbance at 280 nm or mass spectrometry. Method validation includes assessment of linearity (R²>0.999), limit of detection (~0.1 µg/mL), precision, accuracy, and recovery (95-105%). Acid hydrolysis of food/protein samples (6N HCl, 110°C, 24 hours) releases furosine for quantification. The compound's solubility data indicates it may dissolve in DMSO, and if not, other solvents such as H₂O, ethanol, or DMF can be tried. The compound is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based experimental workflows involving furosine dihydrochloride are limited but have been reported. One reported study used HEK293 and HepG2 cells to investigate the compound's effect on cell cycle progression at a concentration of 200 µM. In such assays, cells are cultured in appropriate medium (typically DMEM with 10% FBS), treated with varying concentrations of furosine dihydrochloride (0-200 µM) for 24 hours, and analyzed for cell cycle distribution using flow cytometry after propidium iodide staining. Other potential assays might include assessment of cell viability (MTT assay), apoptosis detection (Annexin V staining), or measurement of oxidative stress markers. However, these are not standard protocols for this compound, as it is primarily an analytical standard. The compound's primary value in cell-based research is as a marker of glycation rather than as a biologically active compound.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experimental workflows are not established for furosine dihydrochloride as a test compound. The compound is not intended for administration to animals as a therapeutic or investigative agent. Its primary application is as an analytical standard in food chemistry and glycation research. While animal models of diabetes might be used to measure furosine levels as a biomarker of glycation, the compound itself is not the subject of in vivo efficacy studies. In diabetic rodent models, plasma or tissue furosine levels are measured as a biomarker after induction (e.g., streptozotocin). Blood samples are collected, hydrolyzed, and analyzed by LC-MS. The compound is stored as a powder at -20°C for long-term stability. In vivo formulation calculators may be used for preparing solutions if animal studies were to be conducted, but such studies are not standard for this compound.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of furosine dihydrochloride have not been systematically characterized, as the compound is not a drug candidate. Given its structural similarity to lysine, it might be expected to be absorbed and metabolized through amino acid pathways if ingested. However, furosine is formed endogenously through glycation reactions and is primarily studied as a biomarker rather than an administered compound. No data on absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion are available in the literature. The compound is stable under recommended storage conditions: powder at -20°C for 3 years, 4°C for 2 years; in solvent at -80°C for 6 months or -20°C for 1 month. The compound is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs. The compound's solubility in various solvents has been characterized, with solubility in DMSO, methanol, and water reported.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological data for furosine dihydrochloride are not well-documented, as it is not a pharmaceutical product. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed when handling this compound. As a Maillard reaction product, furosine is associated with the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are considered harmful and linked to various diseases including diabetes. However, the compound itself is not classified as acutely toxic. It is intended for research use only and is not for human use. The compound should be handled with appropriate personal protective equipment including gloves and safety glasses. No chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity studies have been conducted, as these are not relevant for an analytical standard. The compound is not approved for human or veterinary applications.
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| References |
[1]. Li Y, et, al. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of furosine in fresh and processed ginsengs. J Ginseng Res. 2018 Jan;42(1):21-26.
[2]. Poojary MM, et, al. Liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of advanced glycation end products and protein-derived cross-links in food and biological matrices. J Chromatogr A. 2020 Mar 29;1615:460767. |
| Additional Infomation |
Furosine dihydrochloride is a widely used analytical standard in food chemistry and glycation research. It is not a drug and has no clinical trials or approvals. It serves as a quality marker for heat-processed foods and is studied in relation to diabetic complications. The compound is an L-lysine derivative formed by the Maillard reaction and a marker of overheating in foods. It induces cell cycle arrest at the S phase in HEK293 and HepG2 cells when used at a concentration of 200 µM. Furosine (500 mg/kg per day) has been reported to increase testicular atrophy and decrease testosterone levels in mice. Fingernail levels of furosine are increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. It has been found in high-temperature milk and microwaved cookies. The compound is available from multiple suppliers in various pack sizes (1 mg, 5 mg, etc.). Sample solutions are provided at 25 µL, 10 mM. The compound is typically stored at -20°C.
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| Molecular Formula |
C12H20CL2N2O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
327.20
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| Exact Mass |
326.08
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| CAS # |
157974-36-2
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| PubChem CID |
92043346
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
283
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1=COC(=C1)C(=O)CNCCCC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N.Cl
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| InChi Key |
UWZJNJSUGNECAN-FVGYRXGTSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H18N2O4.ClH/c13-9(12(16)17)4-1-2-6-14-8-10(15)11-5-3-7-18-11;/h3,5,7,9,14H,1-2,4,6,8,13H2,(H,16,17);1H/t9-;/m0./s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-6-[[2-(furan-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl]amino]hexanoic acid;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0562 mL | 15.2812 mL | 30.5623 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6112 mL | 3.0562 mL | 6.1125 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3056 mL | 1.5281 mL | 3.0562 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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