| Size | Price | |
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| Other Sizes |
| ln Vitro |
Commercial ergot supplements have been made from amino acids and their derivatives. They affect the release of anabolic hormones, the availability of fuel for activity, the ability to think clearly under pressure, and the prevention of muscular damage brought on by exertion. They are regarded as advantageous synergistic food ingredients [1].
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|---|---|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
liver |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
(Applicable to valine, leucine, and isoleucine) This group of essential amino acids is called branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Because the human body cannot synthesize this carbon atom arrangement, these amino acids are essential for the diet. The catabolism of these three compounds all begins in muscles, producing NADH and FADH2, which can be used for ATP production. The catabolism of these three amino acids uses the same enzymes in the first two steps. The first step is a transamination reaction, using the same BCAA aminotransferase, with α-ketoglutarate as the amine acceptor. This produces three different α-keto acids, which are oxidized by the same branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase to produce three different coenzyme A derivatives. Subsequently, the metabolic pathways branch, producing many intermediate products. The main product of valine is propionyl-CoA, which is a glucogenic precursor of succinyl-CoA. The catabolism of isoleucine ultimately produces acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA; therefore, isoleucine is both glucogenic and ketogenic. Leucine produces acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA, and is therefore strictly classified as a ketogenic substance. Many genetic disorders are associated with abnormal catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). The most common deficiency is a deficiency in branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases. Because there is only one dehydrogenase for each of the three amino acids, all three alpha-keto acids accumulate and are excreted in the urine. This condition is called maple syrup urine disease because the urine of affected individuals has a characteristic maple syrup odor. These cases are often accompanied by severe intellectual disability. Unfortunately, because these are essential amino acids, their intake cannot be strictly restricted in the diet. Ultimately, those affected have shorter lifespans and developmental abnormalities. The main neurological problems are due to poor myelination of the central nervous system. |
| References |
[1]. Luckose F, et al. Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(13):1793-1144.
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| Additional Infomation |
Valine is a branched-chain amino acid composed of glycine molecules, in which one hydrogen atom attached to the α-carbon is replaced by an isopropyl group. It is a plant metabolite and a metabolite of the large flea (Daphnia magna). Valine is a branched-chain amino acid and also an α-amino acid. It contains an isopropyl group. It is the conjugate base of valine. It is the conjugate acid of valine. DL-valine has been reported in Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Valine (note moved to).
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| Molecular Formula |
C5H11NO2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
117.15
|
| Exact Mass |
117.078
|
| CAS # |
516-06-3
|
| Related CAS # |
DL-Valine-d8;203784-63-8;DL-Valine-d;14246-21-0;DL-Valine-d-1;79168-24-4;DL-Valine-d2;83181-79-7
|
| PubChem CID |
1182
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
213.6±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
283.5-285ºC
|
| Flash Point |
83.0±22.6 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.1±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.461
|
| LogP |
0.2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
8
|
| Complexity |
90.4
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
CC(C)C(C(=O)O)N
|
| InChi Key |
KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3-4H,6H2,1-2H3,(H,7,8)
|
| Chemical Name |
2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.5361 mL | 42.6803 mL | 85.3606 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.7072 mL | 8.5361 mL | 17.0721 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8536 mL | 4.2680 mL | 8.5361 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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