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| Targets |
As a synthetic intermediate, 2-Amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid does not have a specific biological target. Its role is to serve as a building block for the incorporation of para-chlorophenylglycine residues into peptides and drug candidates. The chlorine atom at the para position can enhance binding affinity through hydrophobic interactions and halogen bonding, and it can also improve metabolic stability by blocking oxidative degradation. The compound is often used in the synthesis of peptidomimetics and in structure-activity relationship studies to probe the importance of the para substituent. The free amino acid itself does not interact with enzymes or receptors; its "target" is the peptide coupling reaction in organic synthesis.
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| ln Vitro |
Commercial ergot supplements have been made from amino acids and their derivatives. They affect the release of anabolic hormones, the availability of fuel for activity, the ability to think clearly under pressure, and the prevention of muscular damage brought on by exertion. They are regarded as advantageous synergistic food ingredients [1].
The in vitro activity of 2-Amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid is evaluated primarily through its performance in peptide synthesis rather than biological assays. In standard coupling reactions, the compound demonstrates high efficiency (typically >95%) when activated with reagents such as HATU, HBTU, or DIC/HOBt, in the presence of a base like DIEA. The reaction is usually carried out at room temperature for 1-4 hours in DMF or dichloromethane. Quality control includes HPLC purity analysis (≥98%) and characterization by ¹H-NMR and mass spectrometry. The compound does not exhibit any inherent biological activity, such as enzyme inhibition, because its structure is not optimized for interaction with biological targets. Its in vitro utility is strictly confined to chemical synthesis as a precursor for more complex molecules. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity is not applicable for 2-Amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid because the compound is not intended for administration to living organisms. It is exclusively a research chemical and synthetic intermediate used in laboratory settings for peptide preparation. The compound is not formulated for any route of administration, and no animal efficacy or safety studies have been conducted with the free amino acid. Any biological effects would only be observed after the compound is incorporated into a peptide or drug candidate and tested in vivo. Its utility lies entirely in the chemical synthesis domain, and it is stored and handled under standard laboratory conditions without consideration for pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme/receptor binding (non-cellular) experimental workflow for this compound involves standard peptide synthesis and characterization procedures. Typically, the compound (1.0 equivalent) is dissolved in an appropriate solvent such as DMF, and a coupling reagent (e.g., HATU, 1.1 equiv.) and a base (e.g., DIEA, 2 equiv.) are added, followed by the amine component (e.g., resin-bound peptide or amino acid ester). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1-4 hours, and progress is monitored by TLC. After completion, the product is isolated by extraction and purified by flash chromatography or recrystallization. Characterization includes ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectrometry to confirm structure. Chiral HPLC may be used to verify enantiomeric purity if the compound is used as a single enantiomer. The compound's solubility in water and organic solvents facilitates its use in both solution-phase and solid-phase synthesis.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based experimental workflows are not typically performed with 2-Amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, as it is not intended for direct biological activity screening. However, when used as a building block in peptide synthesis, the final deprotected peptide containing the chlorophenylglycine residue may be tested in cell-based assays. In such cases, the free amino acid itself is not used; instead, the peptide is applied to appropriate cell lines (e.g., HEK293, HeLa, or cancer cells) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 µM for 24-72 hours. Assays may include cell viability (MTT), apoptosis (Annexin V), or receptor binding studies. The building block is not used in these assays because its free amino and carboxyl groups are not sufficient for cellular activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experimental workflows are not applicable for this compound, as it is exclusively a synthetic intermediate, not a drug candidate. There are no established animal models or in vivo protocols associated with the free amino acid. Any in vivo studies would involve the final deprotected peptide products that incorporate the chlorophenylglycine residue, rather than the building block itself. The compound is stored under standard conditions (e.g., room temperature) and handled in a fume hood with appropriate personal protective equipment. No animal handling or dosing protocols exist for this compound, and it is not used in veterinary or preclinical research as a standalone agent.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of 2-Amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid have not been characterized, as the compound is not intended for pharmaceutical use. Being a small zwitterionic amino acid with a molecular weight of 185.61 g/mol and a predicted LogP of approximately 0.8, it would be expected to have moderate hydrophilicity and low membrane permeability if administered. However, the compound is never administered to living systems, and any pharmacokinetic data would pertain to the deprotected peptide products rather than the building block. The compound is stable under recommended storage conditions (powder at room temperature) and is not designed for systemic exposure. No ADME studies have been conducted for this compound.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for 2-Amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid are limited because it is not a pharmaceutical agent. Standard safety precautions apply: it may cause skin and eye irritation, and inhalation of dust should be avoided. The compound should be handled in a fume hood with appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, safety glasses, and a laboratory coat. No chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity studies have been conducted, as these are not relevant for a synthetic intermediate. The compound is intended for research use only and is not approved for human or veterinary applications. It is not classified as a hazardous substance under most regulatory frameworks, but standard laboratory chemical safety practices should be followed.
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| References |
[1]. Luckose F, et al. Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(13):1793-1144.
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| Additional Infomation |
This compound is a valuable building block in medicinal chemistry, particularly for the synthesis of peptidomimetics and small-molecule drugs that require a chlorophenylglycine moiety. It is commonly used in the development of antibiotics (e.g., penicillin derivatives), antihypertensives (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), and other therapeutic agents. The compound is commercially available with purity ≥98% and is used in both academic and industrial research. It is not a drug and has not undergone clinical trials or received regulatory approval. Its primary applications include structure-activity relationship studies and the synthesis of library compounds for high-throughput screening. The compound is for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
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| Molecular Formula |
C8H8CLNO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
185.61
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| Exact Mass |
185.024
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| CAS # |
6212-33-5
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| PubChem CID |
587821
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
328.8±32.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
220-230°C
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| Flash Point |
152.7±25.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.603
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| LogP |
1.54
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
166
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC=C1C(C(=O)O)N)Cl
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| InChi Key |
QGJGBYXRJVIYGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H8ClNO2/c9-6-3-1-5(2-4-6)7(10)8(11)12/h1-4,7H,10H2,(H,11,12)
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| Chemical Name |
2-amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 1 mg/mL (5.39 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.3876 mL | 26.9382 mL | 53.8764 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0775 mL | 5.3876 mL | 10.7753 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5388 mL | 2.6938 mL | 5.3876 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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