| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As a non‑proteinogenic amino acid, D‑alloisoleucine does not have a specific pharmacological target in the classical sense. However, it can interact with biological systems as a substrate or inhibitor of enzymes involved in branched‑chain amino acid metabolism, such as branched‑chain aminotransferase and branched‑chain α‑ketoacid dehydrogenase. It may also be transported by amino acid transporters (e.g., LAT1) but with different affinity compared to L‑isoleucine. Its primary research use is to probe the stereochemical preferences of metabolic pathways and to serve as a marker for metabolic disorders. When incorporated into peptides (e.g., using its protected derivatives), the allo‑configuration can influence peptide conformation and receptor binding, making it valuable for structure‑activity relationship studies. The compound itself does not bind to any specific receptor as a drug; its “target” in research is the investigation of stereochemical effects in biochemistry.
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| ln Vitro |
Commercial ergot supplements have been made from amino acids and their derivatives. They affect the release of anabolic hormones, the availability of fuel for activity, the ability to think clearly under pressure, and the prevention of muscular damage brought on by exertion. They are regarded as advantageous synergistic food ingredients [1].
In vitro, D‑alloisoleucine is used in enzyme assays to determine substrate specificity. For example, it can be incubated with D‑amino acid oxidase (DAAO) to measure its oxidation rate, which is typically slower than that of D‑alanine. It is also used in cell‑based uptake studies to assess the stereoselectivity of amino acid transporters. In peptide synthesis, it can be incorporated (as its Boc‑ or Fmoc‑protected form) to study the impact of β‑carbon stereochemistry on peptide secondary structure, such as α‑helix stability or β‑sheet formation. The compound does not exhibit intrinsic pharmacological activity, such as receptor agonism, because it is not optimized for such interactions. In culture media, it may be used as a control for isoleucine metabolism. Purity is typically ≥98% as determined by HPLC or amino acid analysis. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, D‑alloisoleucine is not incorporated into proteins and is generally metabolized via D‑amino acid oxidase in the kidney and liver, leading to its excretion. It has been studied in animal models of maple syrup urine disease as a biomarker, where elevated levels indicate impaired branched‑chain amino acid degradation. However, it is not administered therapeutically. Some studies have used D‑alloisoleucine to investigate the pharmacokinetics of D‑amino acids, showing that it is rapidly cleared from plasma after intravenous injection. In nutritional research, it has been used to study the absorption of D‑amino acids in the intestine. Overall, in vivo data are limited and are primarily focused on its role as a diagnostic marker rather than a pharmacological agent.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non‑cell experimental workflows for D‑alloisoleucine typically involve analytical chemistry and enzyme assays. For amino acid analysis, the compound is used as a reference standard in HPLC or GC‑MS, often after derivatization with chiral reagents (e.g., Marfey's reagent) to separate enantiomers. A typical workflow: prepare a standard solution of D‑alloisoleucine (0.1‑1 mM), derivatize with FDAA, inject onto a C18 column, and detect at 340 nm. For enzymatic assays, D‑alloisoleucine can be used as a substrate for D‑amino acid oxidase; the reaction is monitored by measuring H₂O₂ production using a peroxidase‑coupled assay (e.g., with Amplex Red). The apparent Km and Vmax are calculated from Michaelis‑Menten plots. The compound can also be used to evaluate the activity of branched‑chain aminotransferase by monitoring α‑ketoacid formation via HPLC.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell‑based workflows for D‑alloisoleucine are less common but may involve uptake studies using cultured cells that express specific amino acid transporters. For example, cells (e.g., Caco‑2 or HEK293) are incubated with D‑alloisoleucine (0.1‑10 mM) in Hank's balanced salt solution for a defined time, and the intracellular concentration is measured by LC‑MS after cell lysis. Competition assays with L‑isoleucine can be performed to determine transporter selectivity. Cell viability assays (e.g., MTT) may be used to assess any cytotoxic effects, but D‑alloisoleucine is generally non‑toxic at physiological concentrations. These studies help elucidate the role of stereochemistry in amino acid transport and metabolism.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal workflows involving D‑alloisoleucine are mainly used in metabolic studies. For example, rodents can be administered D‑alloisoleucine (e.g., by intraperitoneal injection at 100‑500 mg/kg) and blood samples collected at various time points to measure its clearance. In disease models, such as mice with branched‑chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency, the compound may be used to monitor disease progression. However, these are not efficacy studies but rather diagnostic or pharmacokinetic evaluations. All animal experiments must follow ethical guidelines and are typically performed in specialized research institutions.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of D‑alloisoleucine have been partially characterized in animal models. After intravenous administration, the compound is rapidly distributed and cleared, with a half‑life of approximately 30‑60 minutes in rodents. It is excreted unchanged in urine, and its renal clearance is mediated by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Oral bioavailability is low due to incomplete absorption and hepatic first‑pass metabolism. The compound is not bound to plasma proteins to a significant extent. Overall, its PK profile is typical of small hydrophilic D‑amino acids. However, these data are derived from research studies and are not intended for therapeutic use.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for D‑alloisoleucine are limited but suggest low toxicity. Acute toxicity studies in rodents have reported LD₅₀ values > 2000 mg/kg for oral administration. No genotoxicity or carcinogenicity studies have been published, as it is not a drug candidate. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed; it may cause mild irritation. It is not classified as a hazardous substance.
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| References |
[1]. Luckose F, et al. Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(13):1793-1144.
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| Additional Infomation |
D-Alloiseleucine is an alloiseleucine and D-α-amino acid. It is the enantiomer of L-alloiseleucine. It is the zwitterion tautomer of D-alloiseleucine.
D‑Alloisoleucine is a research amino acid used in biochemistry, metabolomics, and peptide chemistry. It serves as a valuable tool for studying stereospecificity in enzymatic reactions and as a diagnostic marker for branched‑chain amino acid disorders. It is commercially available with high purity and is often used in analytical quality control. The compound is not a drug and has no clinical approvals. It is for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H13NO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
131.17
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| Exact Mass |
131.094
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| CAS # |
1509-35-9
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| PubChem CID |
94206
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
225.8±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
291 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
90.3±22.6 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.463
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| LogP |
0.73
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
9
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| Complexity |
103
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
CC[C@H](C)[C@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-CRCLSJGQSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H13NO2/c1-3-4(2)5(7)6(8)9/h4-5H,3,7H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)/t4-,5+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.6237 mL | 38.1185 mL | 76.2369 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5247 mL | 7.6237 mL | 15.2474 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7624 mL | 3.8118 mL | 7.6237 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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