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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As a glutamic acid derivative, this compound's primary biological targets are glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. L-Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS and interacts with ionotropic (NMDA, AMPA, kainate) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). These receptors are involved in synaptic transmission, plasticity, learning, memory, and neurotoxicity. The compound may also interact with glutamate transporters (EAATs) that regulate extracellular glutamate levels. In cell culture applications, it serves as a nutrient supplement providing non-essential amino acids. In pharmaceutical formulations, it is used to enhance the stability and solubility of active ingredients, improving drug effectiveness.
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| ln Vitro |
Commercial ergot supplements have been made from amino acids and their derivatives. They affect the release of anabolic hormones, the availability of fuel for activity, the ability to think clearly under pressure, and the prevention of muscular damage brought on by exertion. They are regarded as advantageous synergistic food ingredients [1].
In vitro studies on glutamic acid derivatives have shown that amino acids and amino acid derivatives influence the secretion of anabolic hormones, supply of fuel during exercise, mental performance during stress-related tasks, and prevention of exercise-induced muscle damage. As a glutamic acid derivative, this compound may be used in cell-based assays to investigate glutamate receptor signaling, excitotoxicity, and neuroprotection. The compound serves as a component of MEM non-essential amino acids solution in cell culture, supporting cell growth and viability. It can also be used in studies examining glutamate metabolism, neurotransmission, and the role of glutamate in various neurological disorders. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies on glutamic acid derivatives have demonstrated their role in neurotransmission, metabolism, and nutrition. L-Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS and is involved in numerous physiological processes. The potassium salt form may be administered in animal studies to evaluate the effects of glutamate supplementation, neuroprotection, or to study glutamate metabolism. However, specific in vivo pharmacological data for this exact compound as a drug is limited, as it is primarily used as a research reagent, food additive, and pharmaceutical excipient. The compound's role as a flavor enhancer suggests it may be used in food science research.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based enzyme or receptor binding assays for this compound typically involve studies with purified glutamate receptors or glutamate transporters. Standard protocols include radioligand binding assays using membrane preparations from brain tissue or cells expressing recombinant glutamate receptors. The compound can be tested for its ability to compete with radiolabeled glutamate for receptor binding. For transporter studies, uptake assays using radiolabeled glutamate can be performed in membrane vesicles or proteoliposomes. The compound's potassium salt form makes it suitable for electrophysiological studies examining glutamate receptor function in Xenopus oocytes or other expression systems.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for this glutamic acid derivative typically utilize neuronal cell lines or primary neurons to evaluate compound effects on receptor signaling, excitotoxicity, and neuroprotection. Standard protocols involve culturing cells in appropriate media at 37°C in 5% CO₂, followed by treatment with varying concentrations of the compound (typically 0.1-100 μM) for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or LDH release assays. The compound's effects on calcium signaling can be measured using fluorescent calcium indicators such as Fura-2 or Fluo-4. For cell culture applications, the compound is used as a component of MEM non-essential amino acids solution at standard concentrations.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for glutamic acid derivatives typically involve administration via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous injection in rodent models (mice or rats). Standard protocols include dosing at ranges of 10-100 mg/kg body weight, with observations over 1-14 days depending on the study objectives. For studies evaluating the effects of glutamate on neurotransmission or neuroprotection, animals may be administered the compound and monitored for behavioral changes, cognitive performance, or neurological outcomes. Pharmacodynamic assessments may include blood sampling for amino acid analysis, brain tissue collection for neurotransmitter measurement, and monitoring of body weight and general health parameters. All animal studies must comply with institutional ethical guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties for this glutamic acid salt can be inferred from structurally related compounds. As a small molecule (molecular weight 203.23 g/mol), it is expected to be absorbed and distributed throughout body compartments. The compound shows excellent aqueous solubility (H₂O: 125 mg/mL) due to its ionic nature. Glutamate is a naturally occurring amino acid with well-characterized metabolism, including transamination and oxidative deamination. The potassium salt form provides potassium ions along with glutamate. For in vivo administration, formulations using DMSO:Tween 80:Saline (10:5:85) or similar co-solvent systems may be employed. The compound should be stored as powder at -20°C for long-term preservation, protected from moisture. Definitive PK parameters require formal studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for this compound are limited as it is primarily used as a research reagent, food additive, and pharmaceutical excipient. Glutamic acid is a naturally occurring amino acid and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) at normal dietary levels. However, high doses may cause excitotoxicity in the CNS due to excessive glutamate receptor activation. Appropriate safety precautions should be observed during handling, including the use of personal protective equipment. The compound may cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. For in vitro cytotoxicity assessment, the compound can be tested in neuronal cell lines using standard assays, with careful attention to excitotoxic effects at high concentrations.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid that naturally exists among L-type amino acids. Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
L-Glutamic acid potassium salt monohydrate is a glutamic acid analogue and potassium salt form of L-glutamic acid. L-Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and interacts with membrane-bound glutamate receptors, including NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and metabotropic receptors. This compound is used as a component of MEM non-essential amino acids solution in cell culture, supporting cell growth and viability. In the food industry, it serves as a flavor enhancer. In pharmaceutical formulations, it is used to enhance the stability and solubility of active ingredients. It is not an approved drug for therapeutic use; it is strictly for research purposes. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H10KNO5
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| Molecular Weight |
203.23
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| Exact Mass |
203.019
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| CAS # |
6382-01-0
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| PubChem CID |
23695977
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
333.8ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
115-118ºC
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| Flash Point |
155.7ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
149
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C(CC(=O)[O-])[C@@H](C(=O)O)N.[K+].O
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| InChi Key |
XIBUKSQTWSKJMQ-QTNFYWBSSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H9NO4.K.H2O/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;;/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);;1H2/q;+1;/p-1/t3-;;/m0../s1
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| Chemical Name |
potassium;(4S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-oxopentanoate;hydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 125 mg/mL (615.07 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.9205 mL | 24.6027 mL | 49.2053 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9841 mL | 4.9205 mL | 9.8411 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4921 mL | 2.4603 mL | 4.9205 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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